Direitos humanos: um estudo sobre alteridade e fraternidade na Encíclica Fratelli tutti do Papa Francisco e no romance O homem duplicado de José Saramago

Abstract

Saramago, always attentive to the problems of humanity, alerts, through his novels and speeches, to the non-observance of human rights. In 2002, Saramago publishes the romance O Homem Duplicado, about two years after the publication of the romance A caverna, which maintains the concern with the globalized world, with the exhibitionism society, with the disposable culture and with the alienation of the human being. In this romance, there is no place for solidarity and the aggressiveness of humanity is explicit in a world in which relations between human beings are increasingly deteriorating. Thus, his work questions how socially one is in the world, how are the relationships with the most unprotected, the different, or with animals, about caring for nature and the environment and about the importance we attach to ethical issues. On October 3, 2020, in the crypt of the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi in Italy, Pope Francis signed his new encyclical, entitled Fratelli tutti (All Brothers). This papal letter is about fraternity and social friendship between peoples, in a world in constant conflict. The research aims to analyze the discussion of otherness and fraternity in the publication of Pope Francis and in the work of Saramago. Thus, the work, from the point of view of the way of approaching the problem, draws on the qualitative research in which publications of José Saramago's work are considered and analyzed, especially the romance O Homem Duplicado, as well as the Encyclical Fratelli tutti do Pope Francis. The research concludes that Saramago leads his readers to reflect on otherness, ethics and solidarity. It is noticed, in his published speeches and romances, that Saramago remains pessimistic about the action of man in the world. In the same sense, the popes, through Encyclical Letters, have been trying to sensitize humanity to the problems of the world and the actions of the human being. The Encyclical Fratelli tutti joins the Encyclical Laudato si '. In them, criticism is at the heart of consumerism and irresponsible development, corroborating the denunciation present in the work of José Saramago.