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Abstract
Direct-to-satellite Internet of Things (IoT) solutions have attracted a lot of attention from industry and academia recently, as promising alternatives for large scale coverage of a massive number of IoT devices. In this work, we considered that a cluster of IoT devices was under the coverage of a constellation of low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, while slotted Aloha was used as a medium access control technique. Then, we analyzed the throughput and packet loss rate while considering potentially different erasure probabilities at each of the visible satellites within the constellation. We show that different combinations of erasure probabilities at the LEO satellites and the IoT traffic load can lead to considerable differences in the system’s performance. Next, we introduce an intelligent traffic load distribution (ITLD) strategy, which, by choosing between a non-uniform allocation and the uniform traffic load distribution, guarantees a high overall system throughput, by allocating more appropriate amounts of traffic load at different positions (i.e., different sets of erasure probabilities) of the LEO constellation with respect to the IoT cluster. Finally, the results show that ITLD, a mechanism with low implementation complexity, allows the system to be much more scalable, intelligently exploiting the potential of the different positions of the satellite constellation.
Highlights
Terrestrial low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) are already massively deployed, enabling several applications that short-range or cellular communications technologies cannot support in an efficient way [1,2]
In order to increase the average system throughput, we propose an intelligent traffic load distribution (ITLD) strategy, where the system is aware of the overall throughput achievable by the uniform distribution and by a given non-uniform distribution for that total traffic load
Considering the case of a single satellite, we can see from Figure 2 that a low erasure probability leads to a larger throughput at low channel loads, and a higher erasure probability is favorable at high channel loads
Summary
Terrestrial low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) are already massively deployed, enabling several applications that short-range or cellular communications technologies cannot support in an efficient way [1,2]. New technologies such as LoRaWAN [3] and SigFox [4] are extensively utilized all over the world in a number of different use cases. With its relatively low cost compared to geostationary-Earth orbit (GEO) satellites, modular implementation and low latency, this type of satellite has gained considerable attraction for future applications In this context, LEO orbit satellites would be beneficial due to their smaller propagation signal loss and potential global coverage. In line with the fact that one LEO is not enough to provide service to a large IoT network, a strong trend for applications in future networks is the deployment of several satellites spread across space, that is, a constellation [15]
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