Abstract
This paper provides a general review of light-duty (LD) and heavy-duty (HD) regulations, engine technology, and key emission control strategies. The US is placing a stronger emphasis on laboratory emissions, and the LD regulations are about an order of magnitude tighter than Euro 6, but Europe is focusing on real-world reductions. The California HD low-NOx regulation is advancing and may be proposed in 2017/18 for implementation in 2023+. The second phase of US HD greenhouse gas regulations propose another 25-30% tightening beyond Phase 1, beginning in 2021. LD and HD engine technology continues showing marked improvements in engine efficiency. LD gasoline concepts are closing the gap with diesel. HD engines are demonstrating more than 50% BTE using methods that can reasonably be commercialized. LD and HD diesel NOx technology trends are also summarized. NOx storage catalysts and SCR combinations are the lead approach to meeting the LD regulations. Numerous advanced NOx technologies are being evaluated and some promise for meeting the California HD low NOx targets. Oxidation catalysts are improved for both diesel and methane oxidation applications. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are the lead approach to reducing particles from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. They reduce PAH emissions, and catalyzed versions can be designed for low back pressure. Regeneration largely occurs during hot decelerations.
Highlights
The challenges are significant in reducing vehicular criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases to meet tightening regulations around the world
This paper focuses on recent key developments related to emissions for both diesel and gasoline engines in the automotive and heavy-duty markets
Light-duty diesel NOx control is being driven by the Euro 6 regulation (80 mg/km NOx on the World-Harmonize Light-Duty Test Cycle, WLTC), but the emerging real-driving emissions (RDE) regulations are requiring even more NOx control, with conformity factors of 2.1x in September 2017 and 1.5x
Summary
The challenges are significant in reducing vehicular criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases to meet tightening regulations around the world. Multitudes of papers and presentations are given annually to advance the understanding and technologies. This paper focuses on recent key developments related to emissions for both diesel and gasoline engines in the automotive and heavy-duty markets. It begins with an overview of the major regulatory developments covering criteria pollutants and CO2. A high-level review is provided of engine technologies, starting with light-duty gasoline and diesel engines, and heavy-duty diesel engines. Only broad developments are covered with the intent of summarizing the directions and emissions challenges for exhaust technologies. Representative papers and presentations were chosen that provide examples of new, key developments and direction
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