Directional sensitivity of echolocation system in bats producing frequency-modulated signals.

Abstract

ABSTRACT Radiation patterns of the 55, 75 and 95 kHz components in frequency-modulated sounds emitted by the grey bat (Myotis grisescens) were studied. FM sounds similar to species-specific orientation sounds were elicited by electrical stimuli applied to the midbrain while the head of the animal was immobilized by a nail cemented to its skull. The main beam was emitted 5–10° downward from the eye-nostril line. The radiation angle at one half of maximum amplitude was 38° lateral, 18° up and 50° down at 55 kHz, 34° lateral, 8° up and 32° down at 75 kHz, and 30° lateral, 5° up and 25° down at 95 kHz. At 95 kHz, two prominent side lobes were present. The directional sensitivity of the auditory system (DSA) measured in terms of the potential evoked in the lateral lemniscus was studied with the grey bat (M. grisescens) and the little brown bat (M. lucifugus). The maximally sensitive direction moved toward the median plane with the increase in frequency from 35–95 kHz. The slope of the DSA curve increased from 0·3–0·6 dB/degree with frequency. The directional sensitivity of the echolocation system (DSE) was calculate using both the DSA curve and the radiation pattern of the emitted sound. The maximally sensitive direction of the echolocation system was 15° lateral to the median plane at 55 kHz and 2·5° lateral at 95 kHz. The slope of the DSE curve increased from 0·6 to 1·0 dB/degree with frequency. Thus, the higher the frequency of sound, the sharper was the directional sensitivity of the echolocation system. The interaural pressure difference (IPD), which appeared to be the essential cue for echolocation in Myotis, changed linearly with the azimuth angle from 0–30° lateral regardless of the frequency of sound, at respective rates of 0·4, 0·7, 0·3 and 0·4 dB/degree for 35, 55, 75 and 95 kHz sounds. Beyond 30°, the change in IPD was quite different depending on frequency. For 75 and 95 kHz sounds, the IPD stayed nearly the same between 30° and 90°. Thus, the 75–95 kHz components in FM orientation sounds were not superior to the 35 and 55 kHz components in terms of the IPD cue for echolocation. Assuming the just-detectable IPD and ITD to be 0·5 dB and 5 μsec respectively, as in man, the just-detectable azimuth difference of Myotis around the median plane would be 0·7–1·7° with the IPD cue and 11° with the ITD cue.