Directional scrambling of quantum information in helical multiferroics

Abstract

Local excitations as carriers of quantum information spread out in the system in ways governed by the underlying interaction and symmetry. Understanding this phenomenon, also called quantum scrambling, is a prerequisite for employing interacting systems for quantum information processing. The character and direction dependence of quantum scrambling can be inferred from the out-of-time-ordered commutators (OTOCs) containing information on correlation buildup and entanglement spreading. Employing OTOC, we study and quantify the directionality of quantum information propagation in oxide-based helical spin systems hosting a spin-driven ferroelectric order. In these systems, magnetoelectricity permits the spin dynamics and associated information content to be controlled by an electric field coupled to the emergent ferroelectric order. We show that topologically nontrivial quantum phases, such as chiral or helical spin ordering, allow for electric-field controlled anisotropic scrambling and a direction-dependent buildup of quantum correlations. Based on general symmetry considerations, we find that starting from a pure state (e.g., the ground state) or a finite temperature state is essential for observing directional asymmetry in scrambling. In the systematic numerical studies of OTOC on finite-size helical multiferroic chains, we quantify the directional asymmetry of the scrambling and verify the conjectured form of the OTOC around the ballistic wavefront. The obtained direction-dependent butterfly velocity ${v}_{\mathrm{B}}(\mathbf{n})$ provides information on the speed of the ballistic wavefront. In general, our calculations show an early time power-law behavior of OTOC, as expected from an analytic expansion for small times. The long-time behavior of OTOC reveals the importance of (non)integrability of the underlying Hamiltonian as well as the implications of conserved quantities such as the $z$ projection of the total spin. The results point to the potential of spin-driven ferroelectric materials for the use in solid-state-based quantum information processing.