Direct Visualization of the Binding of c-Myc/Max Heterodimeric b-HLH-LZ to E-Box Sequences on the hTERT Promoter

Abstract

Myc and Max belong to the b-HLH-LZ family of transcription factors. Heterodimerization between Myc and Max or homodimerization of Max allows these proteins to bind their cognate DNA sequence known as the E-box (CACGTG). Recent evidence has suggested that the c-Myc/Max heterodimeric b-HLH-LZ could interact to form a head-to-tail dimer of dimers and induce complex topologies such as loops in promoters containing more than one E-box sequence. In an attempt to shed light on this hypothesis, the interaction between the heterodimeric b-HLH-LZ of c-Myc/Max and a fragment of the hTERT promoter containing two E-box sequences was studied by atomic force microscopy. Specific binding events were observed at both E-box sites with equal probabilities. In accordance with previous results obtained by EMSA, we observed that the specific binding of the c-Myc/Max b-HLH-LZ bends the promoter. However no looping could be observed in a wide range of concentration encompassing the Ka (association constant) of the putative tetramer and the Ka for the specific binding of the heterodimer. In contrast, experiments performed with a mandatory c-Myc/Max b-HLH-LZ tetramer incubated with the hTERT promoter fragment allowed for the visualization of loops and cross-linked DNA strands originating from specific binding. Altogether, our results indicate that the c-Myc/Max b-HLH-LZ dimer binds specifically and equally to both E-box sites of the hTERT promoter and induces a significant bending of the promoter and that the suggested oligomerization of the c-Myc/Max heterodimeric b-HLH-LZ, if existing, is most likely too weak to induce the formation of a loop in a promoter.