Direct versus indirect bioleaching

Abstract

The dissolution of metal sulfides is controlled by their solubility product and thus, the [H +] concentration of the solution, and further enhanced by several chemical mechanisms which lead to a disruption of sulfide chemical bonds. They include extraction of electrons and bond breaking by [Fe 3+], extraction of sulfur by polysulfide and iron complexes forming reactants [Y +] and electrochemical dissolution by polarization of the sulfide [high Fe 3+ concentration]. All these mechanisms have been exploited by sulfide and iron-oxidizing bacteria. Basically, the bacterial action is a catalytic one during which [H +], [Fe 3+] and [Y +] are breaking chemical bonds and are recycled by the bacterial metabolism. While the cyclic bacterial oxidative action via [H +] and [Fe 3+] can be called indirect, bacteria had difficulties harvesting chemical energy from an abundant sulfide such as FeS 2, the electron exchange properties of which are governed by coordination chemical mechanisms (extraction of electrons does not lead to a disruption of chemical bonds but to an increase of the oxidation state of interfacial iron). Here, bacteria have evolved alternative strategies which require an extracellular polymeric layer for appropriately conditioned contact with the sulfide. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cycles [Y +] across such a layer to disrupt FeS 2 and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans accumulates [Fe 3+] in it to depolarize FeS 2 to a potential where electrochemical oxidation to sulfate occurs. Corrosion pits and high resolution electron microscopy leave no doubt that these mechanisms are strictly localized and depend on specific conditions which bacteria create. Nevertheless, they cannot be called ‘direct’ because the definition would require an enzymatic interaction between the bacterial membrane and the cell. Therefore, the term ‘contact’ leaching is proposed for this situation. In practice, multiple patterns of bacterial leaching coexist, including indirect leaching, contact leaching and a recently discovered cooperative (symbiotic) leaching where ‘contact’ leaching bacteria are feeding so wastefully that soluble and particulate sulfide species are supplied to bacteria in the surrounding electrolyte.