Abstract
This article is devoted to scientific and technical aspects of the direct catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide for the production of elemental sulfur. It includes a detailed description of the Claus process as the main reference technology for hydrogen sulfide processing methods. An overview of modern catalytic systems for direct catalytic oxidation technology and known processes is presented. Descriptions of the scientific results of the Institute of Catalysis of the SB RAS in a study of the physical and chemical foundations of the process and the creation of a catalyst for it are included. The Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS technologies based on fundamental studies and their pilot and industrial testing results are described.
Highlights
According to modern classification, hydrogen sulfide is a highly hazardous substance which contributes significantly to the pollution of the atmosphere
Acid gases formed in the process of hydrotreating oil fractions are characterized by rather low flow rates (≤1000 nm3/hour) and high contents of hydrogen sulfide, the concentration of which, depending on the efficiency of the primary cleaning unit, usually exceeds 90%, compared with acid gases produced by a gas processing plant
Active sites of Ni2S are located inside the tube due to the confinement effect, and condensed water acts as the conveyor track, transferring elemental sulfur from the inner graphene layers to the outer ones in multilayer carbon nanotubes (CNT), from where it is desorbed from the active phase
Summary
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly hazardous substance which contributes significantly to the pollution of the atmosphere. Acid gases formed in the process of hydrotreating oil fractions are characterized by rather low flow rates (≤1000 nm3/hour) and high contents of hydrogen sulfide, the concentration of which, depending on the efficiency of the primary cleaning unit, usually exceeds 90%, compared with acid gases produced by a gas processing plant (for example, the power of only one technological line at the Astrakhan GPP is over 15,000 nm3/hour). It should be noted that the enriched oxygen in the air supplied in the thermal stage of the Claus process is obtained using COPE® Technology (Kingswinford, UK, The Claus Oxygen Based Enhancement, Figure 3), developed by GOAR, Allison & Associates, LLC [30,31] This technology is used in installations for sulfur production; its main advantage is the possibility of increasing in the power of the Claus process without incurring significant additional expenses. It should be emphasized that the cost of reconstruction (capital investment) of existing installations for the transition to the Cope® technology is only 5–25% of the construction cost of a new installation with increased capacity
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