Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used as anodes for flexible Li-ion micro-batteries. However, one of the major challenges in the growth of flexible micro-batteries with CNT as the anode is their immense capacity loss and a very low initial coulombic efficiency. In this study, we report the use of a facile direct pre-lithiation to suppress high irreversible capacity of the CNT electrodes in the first cycles. Pre-lithiated polymer-coated CNT anodes displayed good rate capabilities, studied up to 30 C and delivered high capacities of 850 mAh g−1 (313 μAh cm−2) at 1 C rate over 50 charge-discharge cycles.
Highlights
Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been successfully employed in a wide range of applications, such as electric vehicles, microelectronic devices, etc., due to their remarkable properties such as high energy density, lack of memory effect, long cycle life, low self-discharge and high thermal resistance [1,2,3].A large variety of carbon-based materials for LIBs have been widely investigated, such as graphene, fullerene and carbon nanotubes (CNT) [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
The charge–discharge potential profiles of the pre-lithiated Carbon nanotubes (CNT) electrodes are consistent with the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves. These results suggest that longer pre-lithiation periods (i.e., 15 min) result in fully lithiated CNT electrodes and one should note the remarkable enhancement in the Initial Coulombic Efficiency (ICE) of the CNT electrodes
The electropolymerization of sulfonated poly(allyl phenyl ether) (SPAPE) polymer electrolyte into carbon nanotubes has been conducted by cyclic voltammetry
Summary
Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been successfully employed in a wide range of applications, such as electric vehicles, microelectronic devices, etc., due to their remarkable properties such as high energy density, lack of memory effect, long cycle life, low self-discharge and high thermal resistance [1,2,3].A large variety of carbon-based materials for LIBs have been widely investigated, such as graphene, fullerene and carbon nanotubes (CNT) [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. A high capacity of a sandwich-like and porous NiCo2 O4 @reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite serving as anode material was reported by Huang’s group [11]. Rapid research progress has been made in exploring flexible anode materials delivering high storage capacity and remarkable long-term cyclability [15,16,17]. As an allotrope of carbon, CNT electrodes offer several outstanding properties, such as excellent flexibility, fast charge transport, large surface-to-volume ratio, good chemical stability, high electrical conductivity and high reversible capacity [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26].
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