Direct orange 26 dye environmental degradation: experimental studies (UV, mass, and thermal) in comparison with computational exploration hydrogen bonding analysis of TD-DFT calculations.

Abstract

The importance of this study stems from, it concentrates on new approach applying both practical and theoretical aspects to study structure stability of direct orange dye 26 (DO26) as an important dye widely used for dyeing of cotton or viscose for red orange direct printing. The stable dyes are so difficult to remove, decolorized and/or degrade, in pure solution or in wastewater samples, without using powerful removal environmental techniques electrochemical oxidations suggest and efficiently used in our Lab. Therefore, it is very important to compare between practical thermal and mass results as efficient techniques in studying dye stability, in comparison with theoretical results using Gaussian program for structural stability identification of DO26 dye, via careful inspection of various phenomena detected in its two symmetrical arms around urea center. Direct orange dye 26 (DO26) structure has been studied applying both practical spectroscopic and theoretical investigations. DFT-B3LYP/6-311 + + G(d,p) calculations and the electronic vibrational properties are performed to investigate its structure stability and consequently its degradation and removal from its environmental media. Correlation is found between experimental and calculated data. An intra-molecular hydrogen bonding interaction had been detected and characterized in dye skeleton. The hydrogen bonding present in the dye structure affecting its vibrational properties had been discussed. Natural population analysis like HOMO and LUMO and high-quality molecular electrostatic potential plots along with various electronics had been presented at the same level of theory. Chemical reactivity descriptors from conceptual density functional theory point of view and structure activity relationship descriptor were obtained. The experimental UV/visible, FT-IR, mass and GC-mass spectral data of the dye DO26 (D1) had been presented. These data had been supported by TD-DFT calculations to simulate the experimental spectra with computing the natural transition orbitals (NTO) and the orbital composition. Actually there is a problem that the degradation of this dye in wastewater by different techniques leads to various unknown fragments, but on using theoretical possibilities, it can be expected what happened in practical work.