Abstract
Fundamental to our current understanding of biomolecular transitions is the notion of diffusion on a free energy landscape, which serves as a model for processes ranging from protein and RNA folding to the stepping of molecular motors. Distilling the complex interactions of biomolecules into a single transition coordinate across a free energy landscape has led to many accurate predictions. However, such motions have never been observed directly until now. Here, we present an analysis of thousands of nucleosome state transitions, observed at different forces and ionic concentrations, using an optical trap and associated data acquisition with microsecond time resolution. These measurements permit us to directly observe the time evolution across the transition path and the distribution of transition path times. We furthermore show how these properties are affected by force and ionic concentration.
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