Abstract
We report on the direct observation and simultaneous use of the linear and quadratic electro-optical effect and propose a method by which higher-order susceptibilities of electro-optical materials can be determined. The evaluation is based on the separation of the second- and third-order susceptibilities and the experimental technique uses a slot waveguide ring resonator fabricated in integrated photonic circuit technology, which is embedded by a guest-host polymer system consisting of the azobenzene dye Disperse Red 1 in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix as an active electro-optical material. The contribution of both effects on the electro-optical response under the influence of static and time-varying electrical fields is investigated. We show that the quadratic electro-optical effect has a significant influence on the overall electro-optical response even with acentric molecular orientated molecules. Our findings have important implications for developing electro-optical devices based on polymer-filled slot waveguides and give rise to advanced photonic circuits.
Highlights
Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) photonics have received massive research interest because they combine the advantages of well-established silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology with that of highly efficient electro-optical (EO) polymers [1]
We report on the direct observation and simultaneous use of the linear and quadratic electrooptical effect and propose a method by which higher-order susceptibilities of electro-optical materials can be determined
The evaluation is based on the separation of the second- and third-order susceptibilities and the experimental technique uses a slot waveguide ring resonator fabricated in integrated photonic circuit technology, which is embedded by a guest-host polymer system consisting of the azobenzene dye Disperse Red 1 in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix as an active electro-optical material
Summary
Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) photonics have received massive research interest because they combine the advantages of well-established silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology with that of highly efficient electro-optical (EO) polymers [1]. Slot waveguides have pushed the hybrid integration of EO polymers in mature SOI technology, since they allow a large overlap of the optical and electrical field inside the polymer-cladding Such EO polymers typically rely on either the linear EO effect [2] or on the quadratic EO effect [3]. Modulators are extremely energy-efficient in terms of energy per-bit consumption [5] and can overcome limitations of cur rent modulators based on the plasma dispersion effect with regards to speed, noise and power consumption [6] This relies on the high values of the electric fields attainable with small electrode separation, able to induce a more effective refractive index change with respect to rejection/removal of charges. The application of both effects for intensity modulation is presented and the conditions to achieve them separately are described
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