Abstract
Downward bubbly flows occur when the direction of the fluid velocity is opposite to the direction of the rise velocity of the bubbles. This type of flow represents an important element of several industrial processes such as drilling (Rehm et al, The why and basic principles of managed well-bore pressure, 2008, [8]) and reactions in chemical plants (Kunii et al, Bubbling fluidized beds, 2013, [4]). Many differences arise between upward and downward flows and one basic, yet dominant issue is the transfer of energy between the fluid and the bubbles.
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