Abstract
<p><em>Despite many scientific papers published around the world on the evaporation of water bodies, few detailed evaporation studies exist for ponds, especially the ponds of humid areas like the French Midwest. Two full years of daily evaporation measurements on two different types of ponds were carried out using a transparent floating evaporation pan. A comparison between a class A evaporation pan and the transparent floating evaporation pan shows that the latter has almost no influence on the water temperature. As a consequence, the measurements taken by this evaporation pan were used to evaluate the reliability of 18 different mathematical methods. These mathematical methods use climate data provided by a weather station installed at the edge of the studied ponds to calculate evaporation. The comparison between measured and calculated evaporation shows that the new empirical formula of Aldomany is the best formula that we can use to estimate the ponds evaporation.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p>
Highlights
The vast majority of research aimed at studying evaporation from open water bodies is devoted to the water bodies found in hot climates
All we can find about the estimation of the pond evaporation in France, are only numbers extracted from studies carried out for regions where the climatic conditions are very different from those of the French Midwest, or they are numbers coming from studies based on methodologies that do not provide reliable results
This research confirms that the evaporation measurements carried out by the transparent floating evaporation pan are closer to the actual evaporation of the ponds, because this tool, with the exception of the daytime period of the day of very high insolation, has almost no influence on the water temperature
Summary
The vast majority of research aimed at studying evaporation from open water bodies is devoted to the water bodies found in hot climates At the end of this bibliographic research which allowed us to know the different methods used to study the evaporation of the water bodies, to show the strength, the weakness and the possibility of using each method, we found that, in order to obtain reference values for evaluating the various mathematical formulas that calculate evaporation from meteorological data, it not be better than direct daily measurements. In the second case (days of heavy cloud cover) we notice that the differences between daytime and night time are very small In this case, the difference between the water temperature in the floating pan and that of the pond surface is limited. For a deep pond (average depth exceeds two meters), the temperature of the surface layer of water can be estimated according to the following equation: T°w = 0,955 T°a + 2,367. These formulas are explained in detail in the thesis of Aldomany (2017, pages 123 to 143)
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