Abstract
How and to what degree an animal deals with potential threats is a fascinating topic that has been well-researched, particularly in insects, though usually not with the impact of parasites in mind. A growing body of work is showing how even benign parasites can affect, positively or negatively, their hosts’ physiological or behavioral reaction to threats. With this in mind we conducted an experiment using horned passalus beetles, Odontotaenius disjunctus that were naturally parasitized with a nematode Chondronema passali; we subjected beetles to simulated attacks (resembling rival fighting or predator attacks) and from videos of the encounters we quantified a suite of behaviors (antennae movement, aggressive posturing, threat displays, etc.), plus rates of alarm calls (stridulations) which all correspond to the “fight or flight” reaction. We obtained behavioral and parasite data from 140 beetles from two field collections, of which half had been housed in our lab for three weeks in conditions that would be stressful (little cover for burrowing). We observed a wide range of behaviors during the simulated attack procedure, from beetles offering little resistance to those which were extremely aggressive, though most beetles showed a moderate reaction. Alarm calling rates also varied, but surprisingly, these were not correlated with the magnitude of behavioral reactions. Also surprising was that stressful housing did not heighten the physical resistance during attacks, but did elevate alarm calling rate. Importantly, parasitized beetles had significantly reduced physical reactions to attack than those without nematodes (meaning their resistance to the attack was muted). The results concerning parasitism, coupled with prior work in our lab, indicate that the C. passali nematode depresses the hosts’ acute stress, or fight or flight, reaction (likely from its energetic cost), which may make hosts more susceptible to the very dangers that they are coping with during the stress events.
Highlights
When animals experience a threat, they are faced with the choice to stay and fight or to flee, and their decision must be carefully weighed or else they may wind up on the losing end of a predator’s jaws or a rival’s kick
We focused on two components of behavior that we felt would collectively represent the fight or flight reaction in passalid beetles–their physical reactions, plus their acoustic emissions
Our study showed that internal Chondronema passali nematode parasites can reduce certain components of their host’s reaction to attack: the level of physical resistance, or the effort spent fighting back
Summary
When animals experience a threat, they are faced with the choice to stay and fight or to flee, and their decision must be carefully weighed (and quickly) or else they may wind up on the losing end of a predator’s jaws or a rival’s kick. Fight or flight reactions and parasites the previous fighting experience of the individual [1], how much is at stake (i.e. if the individual is defending a brood or territory), and importantly, the physiological status of the animal [2, 3]. The factors that influence contest-winning or fighting behavior have been well-studied in insects [9,10,11], and here too, levels of octopamine appear to be important [12]. It seems that both the propensity to fight, plus the physical effort exerted during fights are highly dependent on the concentration of octopamine, which is a product of the level of stress the insect is currently experiencing. We note that throughout this fascinating body of work one question has been largely overlooked: what happens in hosts compromised by parasites? Are they more likely to avoid conflict? Or if they choose to fight, can they perform as well during fight or flight situations?
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