Abstract
The most promising approach for the development of electrochemical biosensors is to establish a direct electrical communication between the biomolecules and the electrode surface. This review focuses on advances, directions and strategies in the development of third generation electrochemical biosensors. Subjects covered include a brief description of the fundamentals of the electron transfer phenomenon and amperometric biosensor development (different types and new oriented enzyme immobilization techniques). Special attention is given to different redox enzymes and proteins capable of electrocatalyzing reactions via direct electron transfer. The analytical applications and future trends for third generation biosensors are also presented and discussed.
Highlights
Electron transfer (ET) is ubiquitous in biological and chemical systems
The redox enzyme acts as an electrocatalyst, facilitating the electron transfer between the electrode and the substrate molecule involving no mediator in this process.[13]
pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and hemecontaining enzymes (such as D-frutose dehydrogenase9093 and alcohol dehydrogenase,[94,95,96,97] flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) (or flavin mononucleotide (FMN)) and heme-containing enzymes, and trifunctional enzymes, were shown to display a direct electron transfer mechanism when immobilized on various electrode materials (Table 2)
Summary
Electron transfer (ET) is ubiquitous in biological and chemical systems. understanding and controlling this process comprise one of the broadest and most active research areas of science nowadays. One field that offers great potential for electron transfer applications is that comprising redox enzymes or proteins. Much progress has been made over the past ten years in understanding how the protein matrix finely tunes the parameters that are essential to the regulation of biological electron transfer. Physical-chemical investigations of direct electron transfer using redox enzyme/protein systems were the focus of intensive investigations during the last two decades.[12,13,14,15] This review does not intend to cover exhaustively many involved research areas, but to provide some background regarding the development and analytical application of direct electron transfer-based amperometric biosensors, their current situations and future possibilities, as well as a brief commentary on the main aspects of electrochemical biosensors
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