Abstract
π-conjugated macromolecules for organic polymeric solar cells can be rationally engineered at the molecular level in order to tune the optical, electrochemical and solid-state morphology characteristics, and thus to address requirements for the efficient solid state device implementation. The synthetic accessibility of monomers and polymers required for the device is getting increasing attention. Direct arylation reactions for the production of the π-extended scaffolds are gaining importance, bearing clear advantages over traditional carbon-carbon forming methodologies. Although their use in the final polymerization step is already established, there is a need for improving synthetic accessibility to implement them also in the monomer synthesis. In this review, we discuss recent examples highlighting this useful strategy.
Highlights
Since the discovery of highly conducting polyacetylene by Shirakawa et al [1] in 1977, conjugated π-extended organic systems based on aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds have been receiving increasing attention as promising materials for the development of the new generation of organic electronic and optoelectronic materials [2]
The huge potential offered by organic synthesis for the flexible construction of conjugated π-extended compounds, coupled with the unraveling of molecular design concepts, have led to a large number of all-organic electronic and optoelectronic devices such as field-effect transistors (FET) [3], light-emitting diodes (LED) [4], photovoltaics [5] and optical communication devices [6]
The crucial step in the synthesis of the π-extended monomers is the formation of the carbon framework, which is generally achieved utilizing reactions carried out between an intermediate framework, which is generally achieved utilizing reactions carried out between an intermediate organometallic species and its electrophilic partners
Summary
Since the discovery of highly conducting polyacetylene by Shirakawa et al [1] in 1977, conjugated π-extended organic systems based on aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds have been receiving increasing attention as promising materials for the development of the new generation of organic electronic and optoelectronic materials [2]. Molecules 2017, 22, 21 well-known Suzuki and Stille cross-coupling polymerizations, and make use of organoboron and tin derivatives, respectively [12,13]. Suzuki and Stille In cross-coupling and make use of organoboron polycondensation, purification the cases, monomers mandatory inmechanism order to ensure high and tin derivatives,thorough respectively [12,13]. A recent, thorough analysis of the published strategies for the synthesis of OPV-BHJ conjugated polymers has introduced the “synthetic accessibility” parameter, useful for their direct comparison, polymers has introduced the “synthetic accessibility” parameter, useful for their direct comparison, in the light of their potential scalability and commercialization. Subject [16], and related recent examples [17,18,19]
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