Abstract
In two seminal cases, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and a U.S. federal district court recognized the immunity of the Congo's Foreign Minister Abdulaye Yerodia Ndombasi2 and Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe.3 These decisions establish a coherent framework for deciding difficult and politically sensitive questions of immunity that addresses the competing goals of promoting international discourse, respecting the sovereign equality of states, and ensuring accountability for serious international crimes. By establishing clear and predictable rules that define when a state's leaders may travel abroad freely without fear of arrest, this framework promises
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