Abstract
Context: Diospyros kaki L. (Ebenaceae) fruit is widely distributed in Asia and is known to exert anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects. Objective: We evaluated the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of D. kaki calyx (AEDKC) on mast cell-mediated immediate-type hypersensitivity and underlying mechanism of action. Materials and methods: For in vivo, ovalbumin (OVA)-induced active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) and immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) models were used. In the ASA, AEDKC (1–100 mg/kg) was orally administered 3 times during 14 days. In the PCA, AEDKC was orally treated 1 h before the antigen challenge. The control drug dexamethasone was used to compare the effectiveness of AEDKC. For in vitro, IgE-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells and primary cultured peritoneal mast cells were used to determine the role of AEDKC (0.01–1 mg/mL). Results: Oral administration of AEDKC dose dependently suppressed rectal temperature decrease and increases in serum histamine, total IgE, OVA-specific IgE, and interleukin (IL)-4 in the ASA. In the PCA, AEDKC reduced Evans blue pigmentation. Compared to dexamethasone (10 mg/kg), AEDKC (100 mg/kg) showed similar inhibitory effects in vivo. AEDKC concentration dependently suppressed the release of histamine and β-hexosaminidase through the reduction of intracellular calcium in mast cells. In addition, AEDKC decreased the expression and secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-4 by the reduction of nuclear factor-κB. The inhibitory potential of AEDKC (1 mg/mL) was similar with dexamethasone (10 μM) in vitro. Conclusions: We suggest that AEDKC may be a potential candidate for the treatment of mast cell-mediated allergic diseases.
Highlights
Diospyros kaki L. (Ebenaceae), known as oriental persimmon, is widely distributed throughout several countries, including Korea, Japan, and China
The traditional Chinese medicine Shitei-To, which is a mixture of extracts from three medicinal herbs, Shitei (D. kaki calyx), Shokyo (Zingiberis rhizoma), and Choji (Caryophylli flos), has long been used for the treatment of hiccups in Japan and China (Minami et al 2000)
The systemic anaphylaxis model is widely used to examine immediate-type hypersensitivity, which is strongly associated with mast cells (Marone et al 2002)
Summary
Diospyros kaki L. (Ebenaceae), known as oriental persimmon, is widely distributed throughout several countries, including Korea, Japan, and China. (Ebenaceae), known as oriental persimmon, is widely distributed throughout several countries, including Korea, Japan, and China. The medicinal parts of D. kaki include the bark, root, leaves, seeds, flowers, and fruits. The traditional Chinese medicine Shitei-To, which is a mixture of extracts from three medicinal herbs, Shitei (D. kaki calyx), Shokyo (Zingiberis rhizoma), and Choji (Caryophylli flos), has long been used for the treatment of hiccups in Japan and China (Minami et al 2000). D. kaki calyx contains various biological compounds, including gallic acid, b-sitosterol, trifolin, kaempferol, quercetin, and tannins (Sunity and Himanshu 2011). Tannins are a large group of polyphenolic compounds that are encountered in daily life owing to their wide distribution in medicinal plants and presence in food and beverages (Okuda et al 1989). Previous studies have reported that apple-condensed tannins inhibit the activation of mast cells and subsequent histamine release (Kanda et al 1998; Tokura et al 2005)
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