Abstract
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, baseball was intimately tied to US neocolonial expansion with a decidedly Christian missionizing thrust. The singing of “The Star-Spangled Banner” at professional sporting events has its origins in baseball, as do efforts to domesticate resistance to such public ritualization of national identity. Kaepernick’s Twitter and Instagram posts throughout July 2016 provide context for the protest that began silently in the first week of the preseason but did not get noticed until he was in uniform in the third week. Kaepernick had been contemplating increased activism after being troubled by civil unrest, particularly in response to racial injustice, police-brutality incidents, and the lack of accountability. In the late nineteenth century, the USA moved from a nation divided by civil war to a neocolonial power, and baseball was part of the construction of a new national identity.
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