Dinosaur skin impressions from the Cretaceous of Korea: New insights into modes of preservation

Abstract

Three specimens of sauropod dinosaur skin impressions from footprints in the Lower Cretaceous Jindong and Haman formations are unusual because they are not associated with well-preserved ‘host’ tracks. This suggests a hitherto unreported mode of preservation in which diagnostic but isolated skin traces may appear associated with substrates where only the superficial layers were originally soft. Two specimens from the Haman Formation of Gainri and Sinsu Island reveal large pentagonal to heptagonal scale impressions (size 2.0–2.5 cm). Another specimen from the Jindong Formation of the Deokmyeongri area is an extremely well-preserved, honeycomb-like pattern of hexagonal scale impressions, but an adjacent part reveals pentagonal to heptagonal polygons of variable size. Collectively these skin impressions more than double the sparse record of sauropod skin impressions and show that patterns (morphology) are consistent from the Jurassic to the Cretaceous. Although comprehensive syntheses have yet to be attempted, skin traces are amendable to systematic description using tubercle size, shape, thickness, and inter-tubercle groove thickness. Such features are useful for distinguishing the different morphologies of dinosaurs and other vertebrates that lived in Korea and other regions during the Mesozoic. Dinosaur skin impressions have occasionally been confused with glypogryptids, typical deep sea feeding traces, small desiccation cracks, and small load casts which they superficially resemble. To avoid such confusion we enumerate criteria useful for distinguishing dinosaur skin impressions from similar shaped invertebrate trace fossils and inorganic sedimentary structures. These criteria vary in importance but include preservation, morphology, dimension of morphology, depositional environment, deformation of underlying sediments, uniformity of size and shape of individual scale impressions within single specimens, ornamentation, and geological age.