Dimethyl Sulfoxide-Induced Conformational State of Na+/K+-ATPase Studied by Proteolytic Cleavage

Abstract

Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) on substrate affinity for phosphorylation by inorganic phosphate, on phosphorylation by ATP in the absence of Na+, and on ouabain binding to the free form of the Na+/K+-ATPase have been attributed to changes in solvation of the active site or Me2SO-induced changes in the structure of the enzyme. Here we used selective trypsin cleavage as a procedure to determine the conformations that the Na+/K+-ATPase acquires in Me2SO medium. In water or in Me2SO medium, Na+/K+-ATPase exhibited after partial proteolysis two distinct groups of fragments: (1) in the presence of 0.1 M Na+ or 0.1 M Na+ + 3 mM ADP (enzyme in the E1 state) cleavage produced a main fragment of about 76 kDa; and (2) in the presence of 20 mM K+ (E2 state) a 58-kDa fragment plus two or three fragments of 39–41 kDa were obtained. Cleavage in Me2SO medium in the absence of Na+ and K+ exhibited the same breakdown pattern as that obtained in the presence of K+, but a 43-kDa fragment was also observed. An increase in the K+ concentration to 0.5 mM eliminated the 43-kDa fragment, while a 39- to 41-kDa doublet was accumulated. Both in water and in Me2SO medium, a strong enhancement of the 43-kDa band was observed in the presence of either Pi + ouabain or vanadate, suggesting that the 43-kDa fragment is closely related to the conformation of the phosphorylated enzyme. These results indicate that Me2SO acts not only by promoting the release of water from the ATP site, but also by inducing a conformation closely related to the phosphorylated state, even when the enzyme is not phosphorylated.