Dimensions of Temperament Modulate Cue-Controlled Behavior: A Study on Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer in Horses (Equus Caballus)

Léa Lansade,Etienne Coutureau,Gersende Baranger,Alain Marchand,Mathilde Valenchon,Ludovic Calandreau,Nadine Ravel

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064853

Abstract

Pavlovian to instrumental transfer (PIT) is a central factor in how cues influence animal behavior. PIT refers to the capacity of a Pavlovian cue that predicts a reward to elicit or increase a response intended to obtain the same reward. In the present study, using an equine model, we assessed whether PIT occurs in hoofed domestic animals and whether its efficacy can be modulated by temperamental dimensions. To study PIT, horses were submitted to Pavlovian conditioning whereby an auditory–visual stimulus was repeatedly followed by food delivery. Then, horses were submitted to instrumental conditioning during which they learned to touch with their noses an object signaled by the experimenter in order to obtain the same reward. During the PIT test, the Pavlovian conditioned stimulus was presented to the animal in the absence of reward. At the end of the experiment, a battery of behavioral tests was performed on all animals to assess five temperamental dimensions and investigate their relationships with instrumental performance. The results indicate that PIT can be observed in horses and that its efficacy is greatly modulated by individual temperament. Indeed, individuals with a specific pattern of temperamental dimensions (i.e., higher levels of gregariousness, fearfulness, and sensory sensitivity) exhibited the strongest PIT. The demonstration of the existence of PIT in domesticated animals (i.e., horses) is important for the optimization of its use by humans and the improvement of training methods. Moreover, because PIT may be implicated in psychological phenomena, including addictive behaviors, the observation of relationships between specific temperamental dimensions and PIT efficacy may aid in identifying predisposing temperamental attributes.

Highlights

Adaptation to environmental change is a fundamental aspect of animal behavior
Pavlovian conditioning The proportion of horses eating from the feed bucket at each distribution of pellets was significantly greater in the last session than the first
Pavlovian to instrumental transfer (PIT) The criterion applied before testing PIT was achieved in the 5th–15th sessions of partial reinforcement/extinction

Summary

Introduction

Adaptation to environmental change is a fundamental aspect of animal behavior. In the wild, such adaptation is facilitated by cues that guide responding toward rewarding events (e.g., food) or away from punishing ones. Pavlovian to instrumental transfer (PIT) is seen as a central factor in how cues influence animal behavior. PIT refers to the capacity of a Pavlovian cue that predicts a reward to elicit or increase a response intended to obtain the same reward (for a review: [1]). The first process is Pavlovian conditioning, during which an individual learns the relationship between a stimulus and a reward; this stimulus becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS). The second process is that of instrumental conditioning, during which an individual learns to perform an action in order to obtain the same reward.

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