Dimensional inconsistencies in code and ROS messages: A study of 5.9M lines of code

Abstract

This work presents a study of robot software using the Robot Operating System (ROS), focusing on detecting inconsistencies in physical unit manipulation. We discuss how dimensional analysis, the rules governing how physical quantities are combined, can be used to detect inconsistencies in robot software that are otherwise difficult to detect. Using a corpus of ROS software with 5.9M lines of code, we measure the frequency of these dimensional inconsistencies and find them in 6% (211 / 3,484) of repositories that use ROS. We find that the inconsistency type ‘Assigning multiple units to a variable’ accounts for 75% of inconsistencies in ROS code. We identify the ROS classes and physical units most likely to be involved with dimensional inconsistencies, and find that the ROS Message type geometry_msgs::Twist is involved in over half of all inconsistencies and is used by developers in ways contrary to Twist's intent. We further analyze the frequency of physical units used in ROS programs as a proxy for assessing how developers use ROS, and discuss the practical implications of our results including how to detect and avoid these inconsistencies.