Dimensional Changes of the Tarsal Tunnel During Foot and Ankle Positions: Anatomical Study

Abstract

The tarsal tunnel is a fibrous osseous conduit for the tibial nerve and associated tendons. It is mechanically dynamic, and foot and ankle movements appear to move and change tunnel shape. However, the effect of foot and ankle movements is not clear. The aim of this study was to measure tarsal tunnel dimensions in anatomical position of the foot and ankle and quantify its changes at different positions in cadavers. A cross-sectional study with a total of 16 cryopreserved lower extremities from cadaveric specimens were used. The foot was cut using an anatomical saw at the level of the tarsal tunnel. Measurements of the cross-sectional area (CSA), transverse diameter (TD), longitudinal diameter (LD) were taken in anatomical position and during foot and ankle movements. All the tarsal tunnel measurements were significantly modified by ankle plantar flexion (p < .05). The CSA increased by 68.97 mm2 (p < .001), the TD increased by 1.40 mm (p < .002) and the LD increased by 2.55 mm (p < .007). The TD was also significantly modified by the inversion position of the ankle, showing an increase of 0.84 mm (p < .004). The rest of the ankle positions did not produce significant changes in tarsal tunnel measurements. Foot and ankle plantar flexion position produce and increase in the CSA and the TD of the tarsal tunnel at its distal end in cadavers. This could suggest a reduction in tarsal tunnel pressure during plantar flexion.