Abstract
One of the main challenges in studying brain signals is the large size of the data due to the use of many electrodes and the time-consuming sampling. Choosing the right dimensional reduction method can lead to a reduction in the data processing time. Evolutionary algorithms are one of the methods used to reduce the dimensions in the field of EEG brain signals, which have shown better performance than other common methods. In this article, (1) a new Bond Graph algorithm (BGA) is introduced that has demonstrated better performance on eight benchmark functions compared to genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. Our algorithm has fast convergence and does not get stuck in local optimums. (2) Reductions of features, electrodes, and the frequency range have been evaluated simultaneously for brain signals (left-handed and right-handed). BGA and other algorithms are used to reduce features. (3) Feature extraction and feature selection (with algorithms) for time domain, frequency domain, wavelet coefficients, and autoregression have been studied as well as electrode reduction and frequency interval reduction. (4) First, the features/properties (algorithms) are reduced, the electrodes are reduced, and the frequency range is reduced, which is followed by the construction of new signals based on the proposed formulas. Then, a Common Spatial Pattern is used to remove noise and feature extraction and is classified by a classifier. (5) A separate study with a deep sampling method has been implemented as feature selection in several layers with functions and different window sizes. This part is also associated with reducing the feature and reducing the frequency range. All items expressed in data set IIa from BCI competition IV (the left hand and right hand) have been evaluated between one and three channels, with better results for similar cases (in close proximity). Our method demonstrated an increased accuracy by 5 to 8% and an increased kappa by 5%.
Highlights
Today, the EEG is used as a non-invasive system to record brain signals from electrodes on the scalp for brain activity
The average accuracies for channel 8 were calculated as 61.1%, 61.0%, 61.3%, and 60.0%, respectively, and for channel 12, they were calculated as 61.3%, 61.7%, 62.3%, and 61.4%, respectively for four algorithms, i.e., particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), Bond Graph algorithm (BGA), and Quantum Genetic Algorithm (QGA) [63,64]
In channel 8, our algorithm demonstrated a slightly better accuracy compared with PSO and GA (i.e., 0.1%)
Summary
The EEG is used as a non-invasive system to record brain signals from electrodes on the scalp for brain activity. Brain signals aim to control systems for sick and healthy people, playing an essential role in various programs in different fields [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The primary advantage of processing brain signals is to discover information for prediction and classification. Brain signals have some general information-processing steps: filtering, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. Most researchers have focused on feature selection for finding new suitable methods and algorithms for improvement [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Feature selection can appear in three possible methods
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