Dilute nitric-acid pretreatment of oat hulls for ethanol production

Abstract

Oat hulls are a promising feedstock annually renewable at an industrial scale for the production of second generation ethanol. Chemical pretreatment of oat hulls with a 4% (w/w) nitric acid solution at atmospheric pressure was performed in pilot production to give a pulp in which hydrolyzables account for 79.9%. Acid-insoluble lignin totaling 12.5% in the pulp does not deteriorate the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis using an enzyme cocktail of commercial BrewZyme BGX and CelloLux-A. At an initial solid loading of 33.3g/L, a hydrolyzate was obtained with a reducing sugar yield of 93.0% of the overall hydrolyzables. The high yield is assured only by removal of residual, water-soluble, nitrated lignin by water washing. Alcoholic fermentation was run using Saccharomyces сerevisiae Y-1693. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with delayed inoculation (dSSF) at an initial pulp loading of 90g/L was found to improve the ethanol yield by 1.2 times compared to separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), i.e. 0.428 versus 0.343g/g cellulose, respectively. The ethanol samples obtained from oat hulls contain low percentages of esters and methanol.