Dilemma game structure hidden in traffic flow at a bottleneck due to a 2 into 1 lane junction

.Aiming to merge traffic flow analysis with evolutionary game theory, we investigated the question of whether such structures can be formed from frequent lane changes in usual traffic flow without any explicit bottlenecks. In our model system, two classes of driver-agents coexist: C-agents (cooperative strategy) always remain in the lane they are initially assigned, whereas D-agents (defective strategy) try to change lanes to move ahead. In relatively high-density flows, such as the metastable and high-density phases, we found structures that correspond to either n-person prisoner dilemma (n-PD) games or quasi-PD games. In these situations, lane changes by D-agents create heavy traffic jams that reduce social efficiency.

Motivated by the fact that there are quite a few ill-mannered drivers who disregard traffic rules concerning lane-changing and maximum speed, we investigated an interesting question: whether or not social dilemma structures can be formed from a frequent dangerous lane-changing attitude in a typical traffic flow without any explicit bottlenecks. In our model system, two classes of driver-agents coexist: C agents (cooperative strategy) always keep to traffic regulations with respect to lane-changing and speed, while D agents (defective strategy) disregard them to move ahead. In relatively high-density flows, such as the metastable and high-density phases, we found structures that correspond to either n-person Prisoner's Dilemma (n-PD) games or to quasi-PD games. In these situations, existing ill-mannered drivers create heavy traffic jams that reduce social efficiency.

Previous work (Yamauchi et al., PRE 79 and Nakata et al., Physica A 389) found several social-dilemma structures in phases of traffic flows created by bottlenecks resulting from lane closings. We investigate another question: whether or not such structures can be formed from frequent lane changes in a usual traffic flow without any explicit bottlenecks. In our model system, two classes of driver-agents coexist: C-agents (cooperative strategy) always remain in the lane they are initially assigned, while D-agents (defective strategy) try to change lanes to move ahead. In relatively high-density flows, such as the metastable and high-density phases, we found structures that correspond to either n-person Prisoner's Dilemma (n-PD) games or to quasi-PD games. In these situations, lane changes by D-agents create heavy traffic jams that reduce social efficiency.

Based on the NS models of traffic flow, a cellular automaton traffic mo del with different-maximum-speed vehicles mixed on single lane is proposed. We p resent the fundamental diagrams of traffic flow under different parameters by us ing computer numerical simulation. The model's traffic flow characters are prese nted and analyzed.

This paper considers the unique attributes of autonomous vehicles, the characteristics of expressways’ minor actual slope grade, and the speed update integer requirements of discrete cellular automata (CA). The continuous deceleration efficiency of the uphill is discretized by introducing variable parameters connected to the vehicle position and gradient, and the hybrid traffic flow CA model suitable for slope bottlenecks based on the principle of the safety distance is further improved. The simulation results show that the improved model can simulate the unique traffic flow phenomenon caused by the change in slope conditions. There is a critical mutation in the traffic flow phase on the slope road section. Secondly, according to the different main factors influencing traffic flow, free flow, terrain jams, and homogeneous congested flow coexist on the slope section. The traffic flow in the crowded terrain area is significantly negatively correlated with the length and longitudinal gradient of the slope, and increasing the longitudinal angle of the hill will extend the congested terrain area. In addition, the influence of the change in slope conditions on mixed traffic flow has a critical longitudinal gradient of 3% and a fixed critical slope length. In non-free flow areas, autonomous vehicles can significantly alleviate traffic congestion on upslopes.

Based on the Nagel-Schreckenberg models of traffic flow， a cellular automaton traffic model with different-maximum-speed vehicles mixed on single lane is proposed， which considers public transit and harbor-shaped bus stop. The influence of deceleration probability， the density of vehicles， the average stop time of public transit vehicles， the proportion of public transit vehicles occupied in the mixed vehicles and the bus stop spacing on mixed traffic flow are analyzed by computer simulation. The models traffic flow characters are presented and analyzed.

A cellular automaton traffic model by mechanical restriction and the slow-to-start rules in the framework of Kerner’s three-phase traffic theory

We consider a spatial generalization of evolutionary game theory in which strategies are distributed over a spatial array of sites. We assume that the strategy corresponding to a given site has local interactions with the strategies sitting on neighbouring sites, and that the strategies change if neighbouring strategies are doing better. After briefly setting the stage with a formal definition of spatial evolutionary game theory, we consider the spatial extension of the Hawk-Dove game, and we show that the results are qualitatively different from those obtained from classical evolutionary game theory. For example, the proportion of Hawks in the population is in general lower in the spatial game than in the classical one. We also consider spatial generalizations of the extensions of the Hawk-Dove game obtained by including strategies such as Retaliator and Bully. Here, too, the results from the spatial game are very different from the classical results. In particular, with space Retaliator is a much more successful strategy than one would expect from classical considerations. This suggests that, in general, spatial structure may facilitate the evolution of strategies such as Retaliator, which do not necessarily prosper classically, and which are reminiscent of the \`nice', \`provokable' and `forgiving' strategies which seem to play a central role in the evolution of cooperation. The results indicate that including spatial structure in evolutionary game theory is a fruitful extension.

According to different driving behavioral characteristics of bus drivers, a cellular automata traffic model considering the bus lane changing behavior with scheduling parameters is proposed in this paper. Traffic bottleneck problems caused by bus stops are simulated in multiple lanes roads with no-bay bus stations. With the mixed traffic flow composed of different bus arrival rate, flow-density graph, density distribution graph, and temporal-spatial graph are presented. Furthermore, the mixed traffic flow characteristics are analyzed. Numerical experiment results show that the proposed model can generate a variety of complicated realistic phenomena in the traffic system with bus stops and provide theoretical basis for better using of traffic flow model.

A stochastic cellular automaton (CA) model is presented to investigate the traffic jam by self-organization in the two-dimensional (2D) traffic flow. The CA model is the extended version of the 2D asymmetric exclusion model to take into account jam-avoiding drive. Each site contains either a car moving to the up, a car moving to the right, or is empty. A up car can shift right with probability p ja if it is blocked ahead by other cars. It is shown that the three phases (the low-density phase, the intermediate-density phase and the high-density phase) appear in the traffic flow. The intermediate-density phase is characterized by the right moving of up cars. The jamming transition to the high-density jamming phase occurs with higher density of cars than that without jam-avoiding drive. The jamming transition point p 2c increases with the shifting probability p ja . In the deterministic limit of p ja =1, it is found that a new jamming transition occurs from the low-density synchronized-shifting phase to the high-density moving phase with increasing density of cars. In the synchronized-shifting phase, all up cars do not move to the up but shift to the right by synchronizing with the move of right cars. We show that the jam-avoiding drive has an important effect on the dynamical jamming transition.

Traffic Models: Theory.- Euler and Lagrange Representation of Traffic Models.- Three-Phase Traffic Theory.- Spacing-Oriented Analytical Approach to a Middle Traffic Flow CA Model Between FI-Type and NS-Type.- Continuum Traffic Equations from Microscopic Car-Following Models.- Metastable Flows in an Extended Burgers Cellular Automaton Traffic Model.- Existence and Classification of Travelling Wave Solutions to Second Order Highway Traffic Models.- Improved Optimal Velocity Model for Traffic.- Microscopic Modeling of Traffic.- Limit Sets and the Rate of Convergence for One-Dimensional Cellular Automata Traffic Models.- Localized Defects in a Cellular Automaton Model for Traffic Flow with Phase Separation.- Asymmetric Optimal Velocity Model.- Chaos and Multifractality in a Time-Delay Car-Following Traffic Model.- Traffic Models: Application.- Optimal Velocity Model and its Applications.- Breakdown and Recovery in Traffic Flow Models.- Kinetic Theory of Traffic Flows.- The Generalized Fundamental Diagram of Traffic and Possible Applications.- Stochastic Resonance Towards Traffic Models.- An Interpretation of a Traffic Engineer on Vehicular Traffic Flow.- Congestion Induced by Bottlenecks in Two-Lane Optimal Velocity Traffic Flow Model.- Widely Extended Optimal Velocity Model of Traffic Flow their Linear Stability.- Stability of Multi-Lane Traffic Flow.- 8-Figured Hysteresis Loop of OV Model.- Empirical Traffic Data.- Observational Aspects of Japanese Highway Traffic.- Long-Term Traffic Data from Japanese Expressway.- The Local Occupation Probability Method for Evaluating Traffic Flows.- Telematics and Drivers' Behaviour.- Cooperative Driving: Taking Telematics to the Next Level.- Modeling of Vehicular Behavior from Road Traffic Engineering Perspectives.- ITS and the Revolution of Automobiles.- Modelling the Impact of ACC-Systems on the Traffic Flow at Macroscopic Modelling Level.- A Cellular Automaton Model for Dynamic Route Choice Behavior in Urban Roads.- Experimental Investigation of Day-to-Day Route Choice Behaviour.- Optimal Traffic States in a Cellular Automaton Model for City Traffic.- Traffic Flow Analysis Based on Multiagent.- Traffic Forecast Using a Combination of On-Line Simulation Traffic Data.- On-Ramp Control.- The Influence of Tollbooths on Highway Traffic.- Networks / Internet.- Packet Transport and Load Distribution in Scale-Free Networks.- Phase Transition of Three-Directional Traffic-Flow in 2D Network.- Analysis of Minimal Model of Internet Traffic.- Microscopic Modeling of Packet Transport in the Internet.- Granular.- Avalanches and Flow Dynamics of a Collapsing Granular Pile.- Note on a Micropolar Gas-Kinetic Theory.- Dynamics and Structure of Granular Flow Through a Vertical Pipe.- Asymmetric Random Average Process: Aggregation and Fragmentation on Continuous State Space.- Shape Segregation for Bidisperse Mixtures of Ellipses in Two Dimensions.- Bifurcations of a Driven Granular System under Gravity.- Simulation of the Impact of an Elastic Disk.- Granular Flow in Vertical Pipes: Transition from Dilute to Dense.- Spatial Structure of 1/f Noise in Granular Flow Through a Pipe.- Collisional Granular Flow on a Rough Slope and its Instability.- The Nature of Occurrence of Queued Flow at Capacity Bottleneck of Ordinary Section.- Pedestrian Dynamics.- Bionics-Inspired Cellular Automaton Model for Pedestrian Dynamics.- Critical Discussion of Synchronized Flow, Simulation of Pedestrian Evacuation, and Optimization of Production Processes.- Cellular Automaton Simulations of Pedestrian Dynamics and Evacuation Processes.- Modeling Pedestrians and Granular Flow in 2-Dimensional Optimal Velocity Models.- Evacuation Analysis of Ship by Multi-Agent Simulation Using Model of Group Psychology.- Comparison of an Evacuation Exercise in a Primary School to Simulation Results.- Simulations of Evacuation Using Small World Network.- Biology.- Oscillation Patterns in Cytoplasmic Networks of the Physarum Plasmodium.- Jamming Bacterial Traffic: Bioconvection.- Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Lubricating Films.

Iterated playing of noncooperative games can result in full cooperation. Repeated playing of the noncooperative game permits the sucker to punish the initial defector by defecting in subsequent plays. This article shows that many n- person prisoner's dilemma (PD) games have chicken games embedded within them. In addition, positive externalities produce embedded chicken games, as physical coercion does when used to punish defectors. This characteristic has substantial implications for various solutions to iterated PD games. The difficulty encountered in chicken games is that the sucker must punish oneself in order to punish the defector. It is shown that various versions of the folk theorem, such as those by Friedman, Fudenberg and Maskin, and Abreu, do not extend to the chicken games under a number of realistic assumptions. Hence iterated playing by rational, self-interested actors will not result in cooperative behavior. What is needed to induce cooperative solutions is the presence of vengeful personalities who induce the evolution of metanorms.

Because of its simplicity and flexibility, cellular automaton model is widely used to simulate traffic flows. Based upon the NS (Nagel and Schreckenberg) Model, the paper proposes a cellular automaton model to simulate drivers’ reaction to velocity and headway distance in single lane traffic flow by modification of deceleration and randomization of the rules. Analysis of average velocity is performed to study the state and stability of traffic flow in various situations. For low densities, traffic is in free flow state, with average velocity fluctuating around the mathematical expectation stably. With the increasing of density, traffic becomes unstable and goes into jammed flow state. The behaviours of the model are very similar to those of the real traffic flows observed in the field. It is potential that the model can be used to predict traffic state for the engineering practice of traffic control and management.

In this paper, we investigate the off-ramp system on the highway using the cellular automaton traffic model. Both the system without an exit lane (case 1) and that with an exit lane (case 2) are considered. The phase diagram and its variation with L(D) (the length of exit lane in case 2 and the length of a special lane-changing section in case 1) is studied. Two phase regions are found in case 1 and a new phase, i.e., the maximum flux phase, is reported in case 2. The density (velocity) distribution near the off ramp and the influence of L(D) on the traffic flow are also discussed in both cases.

Farsighted stability in provision of perfectly “Lumpy” public goods