Dilatation of saphenous vein grafts by nitric oxide

Abstract

To investigate firstly whether flow-dependent vasodilation is maintained in vein grafts, and secondly whether nitric oxide donors dilate vein grafts to improve the flow through graft stenoses. The vasodilatation of mature patent vein grafts, in response to reactive hyperaemia and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), was assessed by the change in external diameter using duplex ultrasonography. The severity (ratio of proximal systolic velocity, V1, to peak systolic velocity at the stenosis, V2, of vein graft stenoses was determined by duplex ultrasonography before and after 24 h of local application of GTN patches. In post-occlusion hyperaemia the diameter of patent distal vein grafts (n = 7) increased to a maximum of 112 +/- 1.9% of resting diameter after 2 min, p = 0.026. The diameter increased further to 117 +/- 2.5% of the resting value 5 min after oral GTN (n = 5), p = 0.007. The velocity ratio, V2/V1, through graft stenoses (n = 6) decreased by 20 +/- 5% after application of GTN patches, principally as a result of reduction in V2, mean difference 0.8, p = 0.15. The changes in response to GTN were more evident for proximal than distal vein graft stenoses. Flow-induced vasodilatation responses, which have been attributed to the endothelial release of nitric oxide, are maintained in patent vein grafts: the grafts dilate even further in response to GTN. The application of GTN patches close to a vein graft stenoses appears to reduce the velocity ratio through vein graft stenoses. GTN patches might be used to reduce the risk of graft occlusion when there is a delay between the detection and the treatment of haemodynamically significant graft stenoses.