Dihydrophylloquinone intake, a marker of a non‐healthy dietary pattern, is associated with low bone mineral density in men

Abstract

Poor diet may result in bone loss by displacement of important nutrients involved in bone health. Dihydrophylloquinone (dK) is formed when phylloquinone-rich plant oils are hydrogenated; major sources are commercially fried / baked foods. We hypothesized that high dK intake, as a marker of a non-healthy dietary pattern, would be associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) in 1141 men (mean age:59y) and 1438 women (mean age: 59y) of the Framingham Offspring Study. Linear regression was used to examine cross-sectional associations of dK intake from food frequency questionnaire in tertiles (<15.5, 15.5-29.5, >29.5 μg/d) and hip and spine BMD. In men, higher dK intakes were associated with lower BMD in the femoral neck (BMD g/cm2 lowest to highest tertile 0.987, 0.969, 0.959, p=.03), and trochanter (0.891, 0.874, 0.861, p=.04) adjusting for BMI, age, intakes of total energy, calcium, and vitamin D, smoking, physical activity, and osteoporosis medication use. Women had no significant associations between dK and BMD; however, there was a trend of lower BMD with higher tertiles of dK intake in post-menopausal women in the femoral neck (0.869, 0.867, 0.849) and trochanter (0.714, 0.712, 0.701). There were no associations between dK intake and spine in either men or women. High dK intake, a potential marker of a non-healthy dietary pattern, may result in low hip BMD in men.