Abstract
Although bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are effective in treating chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP), the homing of BMMSCs seems to require ultrasound induction. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is an important derivative of artemisinin (ART) and has been previously reported to alleviate inflammation and autoimmune diseases. But the effect of DHA on chronic prostatitis (CP) is still unclear. This study aims to clarify the efficacy and mechanism of DHA in the treatment of CBP and its effect on the accumulation of BMMSCs. The experimental CBP was produced in C57BL/6 male mice via intraurethrally administered E. coli solution. Results showed that DHA treatment concentration-dependently promoted the accumulation of BMMSCs in prostate tissue of CBP mice. In addition, DHA and BMMSCs cotreatment significantly alleviated inflammation and improved prostate damage by decreasing the expression of proinflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and chemokines CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in prostate tissue of CBP mice. Moreover, DHA and BMMSCs cotreatment displayed antioxidation property by increasing the production of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), SOD, and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) expression. Mechanically, DHA and BMMSCs cotreatment significantly inhibited the expression of TGFβ-RI, TGFβ-RII, phosphor (p)-Smad2/3, and Smad4 in a dose-dependent manner while stimulated Smad7 expression in the same manner. In conclusion, our findings provided evidence that DHA effectively eliminated inflammatory and oxidative stress against prostate injury, and this effect involved the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in CBP.
Highlights
Chronic prostatitis (CP) is a common disease in the urology clinic. e clinical manifestations of CP include abnormal urination, pain, and sexual dysfunction, especially symptoms of voiding dysfunction [1]
Our IF stain results showed that CD29 and CD44 protein levels were higher in prostate tissue of DHA administration mice than in the control group and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) alone injection group (Figures 2(c)–2(e))
Our results evaluated the effect of DHA and BMMSC cotreatment on oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) mice
Summary
Chronic prostatitis (CP) is a common disease in the urology clinic. e clinical manifestations of CP include abnormal urination, pain, and sexual dysfunction, especially symptoms of voiding dysfunction [1]. Chronic prostatitis (CP) is a common disease in the urology clinic. E clinical manifestations of CP include abnormal urination, pain, and sexual dysfunction, especially symptoms of voiding dysfunction [1]. E traditional treatment of CP was mainly antibiotics, α-blockers, and anti-inflammatory drugs, combined with psychological and physical therapies [2]. The treatment effects of these methods are not very satisfactory. Due to the multitargeted therapy and fewer side effects of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), there are more and more research studies that have focused on the prevention and treatment of CP with TCM [3]. Artemisinin (ART) was a well-known clinically important antimalarial drug, which was extracted from Artemisia annual leaves and was first discovered and reported by Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Many TCM compound preparations and their active components such as Abacopteris penangiana [4], Bazhengsan [5], and flavonoids [6] were effective in the treatment of CP.
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