Abstract
Biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae empowers the bacteria to lead a dual lifestyle and enhances its infectivity. While the formation and dispersal of the biofilm involves multiple components—both proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous, the key to the regulatory control lies with the ubiquitous secondary signaling molecule, cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). A number of different cellular components may interact with c-di-GMP, but the onus of synthesis of this molecule lies with a class of enzymes known as diguanylate cyclases (DGCs). DGC activity is generally associated with proteins possessing a GGDEF domain, ubiquitously present across all bacterial systems. V. cholerae is also endowed with multiple DGCs and information about some of them have been pouring in over the past decade. This review summarizes the DGCs confirmed till date in V. cholerae, and emphasizes the importance of DGCs and their product, c-di-GMP in the virulence and lifecycle of the bacteria.
Highlights
Vibrio cholerae: Dual Lifestyle and BiofilmFormation of biofilm enables the bacteria to survive and propagate despite the presence of antibiotics or other external stress
VpsT and VpsR can bind to c-di-GMP and has been shown to be responsive to fluctuations in the intracellular concentrations of c-di-GMP in V. cholerae (Krasteva et al, 2012; Hay and Zhu, 2015)
An increase in the cellular c-di-GMP pool leads to the dimerization and activation of VpsT to induce biofilm formation (Shikuma et al, 2012)
Summary
Vibrio cholerae: Dual Lifestyle and BiofilmFormation of biofilm enables the bacteria to survive and propagate despite the presence of antibiotics or other external stress. Environmental conditions such as high/low oxygen level, the concentration of phosphate, Ca2+, etc, have negative effects (inhibition of vps gene transcription) on biofilm formation and induce the dispersal of the V. cholerae biofilm (Colwell and Huq, 1994; Hay and Zhu, 2015). VpsT and VpsR can bind to c-di-GMP and has been shown to be responsive to fluctuations in the intracellular concentrations of c-di-GMP in V. cholerae (Krasteva et al, 2012; Hay and Zhu, 2015).
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