Digitally Assisted Mixed-Signal Circuit Security

Abstract

The design and manufacturing steps of a chip typically involve several parties. For example, a chip may comprise several third-party intellectual property (IP) cores and the integrated circuit (IC) fabrication may be outsourced to a third-party foundry. IP cores and ICs are shared with potentially untrusted third parties and, as a result, are subject to piracy attacks. Even more, any legally purchased chip may be reverse engineered to retrieve the design down to transistor level and, thereby, it is also subject to piracy attacks. In this article, we propose <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MixLock</i> , an anti-piracy countermeasure for mixed-signal IP cores and ICs. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MixLock</i> protection is based on inserting a lock mechanism into the design such that correct functionality is established only after applying a key which is the designer’s secret. The lock mechanism acts on the mixed-signal performances by leveraging logic locking of the digital part. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MixLock</i> presents several key attributes. It is generally applicable, it is nonintrusive to the sensitive analog section, it incurs no performance penalty and has very low area and power overheads, it is fully automated, and it is capable of co-optimizing security in both the analog and digital domains. We demonstrate <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MixLock</i> on a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma \Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using hardware measurements and an audio demonstrator.