Digital Transformation and Organizational Performance: A Study of the Nigerian Immigration Service

Abstract

O This study examines the long-term relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), gross national income (GNI) per capita, exports and economic growth in Zambia from 1994 to 2023. The primary objective is to analyse the impact of FDI, GNI per capita and exports on Zambia's economic growth. FDI is recognised as a catalyst for economic development, facili-tating technology transfer, capital formation and employment creation. Despite Zambia's his-torical dependence on copper exports and high government expenditure, economic liberalisa-tion since 1991 has aimed to diversify the economy and attract FDI. Using secondary data from the World Bank and regression analysis using Jamovi software, the study assesses the impact of FDI and other macroeconomic factors on Zambia's GDP. The results show that while FDI contributes positively to economic growth, GNI per capita and exports have a more significant impact. In particular, a unit increase in FDI is associated with a moderate but significant increase in GDP, highlighting its role in productivity and sectoral development. The study highlights the need for Zambia to strengthen its institutional framework, improve infrastructure and invest in human capital to sustain FDI inflows and reduce economic vul-nerabilities. Diversifying investment beyond natural resources is critical for long-term growth and resilience. Future research should further explore sectoral and regional dynamics with disaggregated data and qualitative methods to capture detailed impacts on employment, in-come distribution and environmental sustainability. This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Zambia's economic development, and by providing evidence-based insights for policymakers to opti-mise economic strategies and attract diversified investment for sustainable development.