Digital Strategies in Action

The article examines the subject, idea, role and meaning of geographic identifiers to ensure the integration of geospatial data in seamless topographic databases and national spatial data infrastructure in accordance with the national standard DSTU ISO 19112: 2017 (ISO 19112: 2003, IDT) Geographic information. Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers. The main direction of development of topographic and geodetic activity in Ukraine is the development of the national spatial data infrastructure based on the principles of geoinformation approach. The national spatial data infrastructure is seen as a system of integration of geospatial data of different origins from different sources, and most importantly from different areas of activity. The system of integration of heterogeneous data acquires special value at connection of a set of basic data with the thematic data which provide an array of attributive information from various kinds of activity. It is through geographic identifiers that geospatial coordinate descriptions of features are linked to an array of attribute data that does not have a direct positioning. Geographic identifiers can be the following: codifier of administrative-territorial units and territories of territorial communities, cadastral number of the land plot, address, geographic name, etc. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study the requirements for the use of geographic identifiers for the integration of sets of basic and thematic geospatial data of the national geospatial data infrastructure in accordance with DSTU ISO 19112:2017 (ISO 19112:2003, IDT).

A national data infrastructure (NDI) provides data, data-related services and guidelines for the re-use of data as an easily accessible service to citizens as well as public and private organizations. As such, it allows the efficient sharing of data between providers and consumers, supports new business models, and is thus a key enabler for the digital economy, societal collaboration and political processes. The paper relates to an ongoing project, discusses prevailing concepts on (data) infrastructure development and proposes a classification scheme for conceptualizing national data infrastructures in a given context. The discussion in particular focuses on governance issues related to establishing and maintaining a national data infrastructure that goes beyond the focus on open government data.

A step-by-step deployment of work on the creation of a national geospatial data infrastructure within the digital development of Ukraine is considered. The goals of mentioned infrastructure are as follows: provision of the open access to data, in particular the data and knowledge of scientific researches and observations; involvement of the national oceanographic scientific community in the global network of “big data”, further commercialization of research results, creation of innovations, digital products and services. The digital industry of oceanographic geospatial data is expected to become one of the components of the national digital geospatial data infrastructure. It will primarily cover the oceanography, considering the scale and complexity of hydrophysical processes in the oceans, the multifaceted impact and use of data for the sustainable development and economic activity; as well as conceptually modernize data production and disposal. The article presents an analysis of the Law on the National Infrastructure of Geospatial Data regarding the provisions that have to be fulfilled by the holders of oceanographic data. Considering that in accordance to the Law the national geospatial data infrastructure does not cover the entire array of collected oceanographic data, additional preparatory measures are proposed for the formation of a modern infrastructure and digital industry of oceanographic data. Creation of a modern digital industry of oceanographic data requires concerted efforts and consolidated actions of the state, scientific community, business entities and interested civil society. Its creation will ensure an appropriate level of participation and form a positive image of Ukraine in the framework of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021—2030).

A national data infrastructure (NDI) provides data, data-related services and guidelines for the re-use of data to individuals and organizations. It facilitates efficient sharing of data, supports new business models, and is thus a key enabler for the digital economy, open research, societal collab oration and political processes. While several European countries have taken steps to set up data infrastructures cutting across institutional silos, approaches vary, and there is no common understanding of what a NDI exactly comprises. In Switzerland, activities are still at a conceptual stage. In order to foster a shared vision of what a NDI is about, stakeholder interviews were carried out with representatives of public administration, research, civil society, and the private sector. There is broad consensus among key stakeholders that a NDI is to be conceived as a nationwide distributed technical infrastructure allowing the sharing of data, based on predefined rules. Our findings also suggest that the notion of a NDI should be approached from four perspectives: a big data, a base register, an open data, and a mydata perspective. For its implementation, effective coordination across several dimensions (ethical, legal, political, economical, organizational, semantical, and technical) is crucial, which calls for a truly multidisciplinary approach.

Abstract. Problem. Topographic surveying of territories is the basis for the formation of the national geospatial data infrastructure, with digital topographic maps being created subsequently. Topographic surveying is based on instrumental measurements, which are subject to error. The Lp estimation method is a modern approach to processing geodetic measurements that belongs to the class of robust (stable) estimation methods. It generalises the classical least squares method (L2 estimation) and reduces the influence of rough errors or outliers in the data, which is particularly important when analysing real geodetic measurements. Goal. To increase the accuracy of geodetic measurements, redundant measurements are used; however, gross errors can compromise the accuracy. Such errors can be detected and eliminated using the Lp-estimates method. This study aims to develop specialised geodetic software for processing geodetic measurements using Lp-estimates. This was achieved by creating a computer program in C# using Windows Forms. Methodology. The method for processing geodetic measurements based on Lp-estimates is based on minimising the norm of the measurement residuals (errors) in space. The degree of norm (p) determines the sensitivity of the method to deviations. Results. Approval was granted based on the results of geodetic measurements taken using an electronic Leica Sprinter level during the study of KhNADU dormitory No. 5 settlements. In the programme interface, the parameter p can be changed from 1 to 10. Using a specific example involving rough measurement errors, we demonstrated how adjusting the p parameter can combine the accuracy of the LNS with the L1 method's ability to withstand gross outliers.. Originality. The article presents this program's algorithm, interface and partial code. Practical value. As part of the development of a national geospatial data infrastructure, this article presents a method based on Lp-estimates for processing geodetic measurements. This method was implemented using a computer approach involving successive iterations. A computer program in C# was created using Windows Forms.

This paper looks at the evolving National Data Infrastructure in Ireland and describes developments to date before considering the emerging Census opportunity. The National Data Infrastructure concept is influenced by the ideas of Svein Nordbotten first introduced in the 1960s and by the representation of three pillars or linked registers (persons, business and property) presented by Lars Thygesen in the 1980s. The National Data Infrastructure is, in turn, laying a foundation for the modernisation of the Irish Statistical System. The statisticalbusiness register at the Central StatisticsOffice (CSO) led to the publication of a comprehensive system of business demography statistics for the first time in 2010. This statistical business register, the first pillar to be developed, is typical of many registers in the European Statistical System, in that it is based on the profiling of businesses from administrative data sources (typically sourced from tax authorities). Subsequently, the employer-employee tax returns from the tax authorities were used to provide insights into dynamics in the Irish Labour market. This allowed for the investigation of the flow of workers and jobs between firms and sectors. This underlying development is also of strategic value to the Irish Statistical System in that it facilitates linking the social statistics framework with the business statistics framework at a micro or person business level. CSO is currently investigating a system of population estimates based solely on administrative data sources. This project lever- ages on the recently developed person activity register - a register that captures a high level annual summary of each person's engagement on public administration systems. The person activity register is considered as the second base register required for the modernisation of the Irish Statistical System. Currently, a critical gap in the National Data Infrastructure is the absence of a standardised addressing system or postal code system. In 2015, Ireland will rollout a new postcode system and, unlike other jurisdictions, the postcode in Ireland will identify a letter box rather than a group of houses. The implementation and use of this postcode (for both business and persons) will facilitate the compilation of small area statistics (including population estimates). It could also contribute to the development of household composition based statistics through the linking of individuals via postcode. In effect, postcodes will provide the last of the three registers identified in the National Data Infrastructure. To date, Ireland has deployed a traditional census model whereby forms are dropped off and picked up from every household in the state. The implementation of letterbox based postcodes creates an opportunity for a new Census model. The options for a new model include any combination of internet response, postal response, administrative data or field/telephone follow up underpinned by a high quality address register developed from administrative data sources. The lowest cost option may be a Census model based solely on administrative data with the required attributes not present in administrative data sources estimated from existing household surveys. A higher cost/higher quality option may be an internet first with a traditional field force follow up for non-response. There is still a lot more investigative work to be done before a preferred model emerges, but regardless, the developing National Data Infrastructure and the rollout of the postcode creates an opportunity for a new lower cost Census model.

Concerted efforts are underway to improve healthcare decision-making through patient-centered outcomes research. These efforts are supported by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund, which was established within the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This article focuses on describing national data infrastructure efforts that support patient-centered outcomes research. A national data infrastructure has the potential to decrease research costs and improve research throughput. We describe early and current efforts that demonstrated this potential, how the national effort is utilizing the lessons learned from these predecessor efforts and remaining challenges.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the latest principles and novelties of legal support for the functioning of the State Land Cadastre in Ukraine. The legal issues of information interaction between the State Land Cadastre of Ukraine and the national geospatial data infrastructure are revealed. The author identifies the advantages of adapting the current legislation in the field of land cadastre to the requirements of the European Union Directive 2007/2/EC (INSPIRE) and considers the possibility of their implementation in the legal system of Ukraine to improve cadastral activities and land relations. The article provides proposals for improving the legislation and its adaptation to EU standards. The author concludes that the current Ukrainian legislation requires comprehensive changes to bring it in line with the EU standards on information interaction within the land cadastre. It is emphasised that the adoption of the principles of the INSPIRE Directive can be an effective way forward in improving the national geospatial data infrastructure. It is argued that the lack of interaction and automated exchange of geospatial data in a single environment with registers, cadastres of executive bodies of local self-government, utilities, institutions and organisations in the fields of urban planning, architecture, and land resources is a significant problem for guaranteeing the land rights of land relations subjects. The author emphasises that the most pressing problems of legal regulation in the field of land relations and cadastral activities today include imperfections in public administration of land relations, insufficient development of the automated system of the State Land Cadastre, and lack of an effective mechanism for economic incentives for land use and protection. The author proves that the functioning of the State Land Cadastre of Ukraine today is based on the following principles: processing, systematization and storage of information on the objects of the State Land Cadastre; synchronization of information contained in the national geospatial data infrastructure and the State Land Cadastre; integration of geographic information systems of Ukraine and the European Union with a view to creating a single information space for the use of 3D and 4D land data; counteraction and protection of information contained in the State Land Cadastre.

Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Systems are playing increasing roles in national and global data infrastructure, facilitating the achievement of key developmental goals. The performance of CRVS systems in many developing countries including Nigeria is sub optimal and information on their structure and operations scanty. This paper characterizes the statutory, institutional, and operational elements and social contexts of the Nigerian CRVS System. It includes a context analysis of the system and a review of improvement strategies and interventions. The paper shows that the Nigerian CRVS System is built on viable statutory and institutional platforms—the constitutional enshrinement of: universal, compulsory and continuous civil registration and, a central registration institution—the National Population Commission (NPC). NPC has registration hierarchy and infrastructure deployed at every level of political administration and mechanisms for efficient coordination of registration and production of vital statistics on live-births, deaths and stillbirths amongst other vital events. The major weaknesses of the system include inadequate financing and deployment of registration facilities, conflicting statutes and institutional arrangements for the registration of key events like death and stillbirths. Other weaknesses include intra-organizational conflicts in resource allocation and weak ICT infrastructure within the NPC. These are compounded by overarching contextual issues namely registration unfriendly sociocultural norms, weak national data infrastructure, systemic corruption, poverty and undeveloped civic culture. Domestic initiatives and interventions to improve the system have focused on birth registration, while multilateral interventions have only made a modest impact on the system. Thus, holistic in-country improvement initiatives supported with robust interventions are imperative to overcome weaknesses in the Nigerian CRVS system. However fundamental improvements in CRVS systems in developing countries like Nigeria may likely only follow sustainable solutions to overarching contextual issues especially poor infrastructure, weak institutions, poverty and systemic corruption.

The provision of more comprehensive bathymetric data, for not just apply to the modern marine application but also the development of national data infrastructure. This demand has created a series of development in bathymetric data acquisition throughout the year from the lead line, ship-borne sounding, to air-borne Lidar. However, it has pros and cons in each bathymetric data acquisition related to cost, time, manpower and accessibility. The integration idea drives from the successful of Satellite-Derived Bathymetry technique in solving the problem, moreover, this the way to achieve the data with a uniform resolution in acceptable time and cost. Therefore, this study conducted to generate bathymetric mapping at '‘Pantai Tok Jembal'’ using Single Band Algorithm (SBA) for two visible bands (Blue and Green) and Green Band Algorithm (GBA). Two comparative analysis conducted in this study first is between SBA-Blue and SBA-Green to evaluate the ability of each band to estimate bathymetry at '‘Pantai Tok Jembal'’ shallow-coastal water area and while second is between SBA-Green and GBA method to evaluate the ability of each statistical approach in computing absolute water depth. Further, the result evaluated using SBES ground truth data. The root mean square error (RMSE) and R-squared (R2) computed between Single Beam Echo Sounding (SBES) data and Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SBA and GBA), and the result shows that SBA-Green stand out in both analysis; moreover, this study successfully produces 49.69 km2 area (Extended Area) bathymetric mapping at '‘Pantai Tok Jembal'’, Terengganu, Malaysia. However, to support marine application and national data infrastructure, it requires more comprehensive bathymetric data which is giving high in accuracy and reliability, further research needs to undertake to fulfil this support

PurposeStarting from the status quo, the paper outlines perspectives and challenges for the connection and interlinking of digitised and digital archival data. The following topics are addressed: Where are fields of action and what are the means of archives? Which functional and technical requirements are to be considered, and what is the role of portal infrastructures linking together various different institutions?Design/methodology/approachConsidering needs of users and general framework conditions, the paper examines new approaches emerging in Germany. It outlines recent projects and considerations aiming to improve services and visibility of archives within the national data infrastructure in Germany.FindingsCross-connections are no new phenomenon, but change their appearance significantly in a digital context. In this respect, both smaller and bigger archives profit from participation in larger digital networks. Furthermore, archives need to keep in mind to reflect the quality of their digital (meta)data regularly and to offer or join systems that functionally and technically support cross-connection and interlinking of data.Originality/valueThe paper endeavours to show the importance of digital cross-connections and the role of portal infrastructures for visibility, online-distribution and use of digital archival metadata and data.

The fundaments for creating high-quality European data infrastructure, which is based on different national data infrastructures, are good basic spatial data of individual European countries. The purpose of using this infrastructure is especially European environmental policy. Expected quality calls for appropriate methods of data collection, its content and management. On national level the need of actual data with guaranteed quality applied to decision making in public administration, is much more important. Geographic data fulfilling such requirements should distinguish itself by high level of details, information about ownership or higher accuracy. Activities in passive infrastructure, transport infrastructure, spatial planning and other services explicitly require such type of geodata. The aim of this paper is to compare the content of national datasets, the level of detail and quality, collection method and data management in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic according to chosen criteria.

The article proposes a new development concept of topographic mapping in Ukraine. It is based on the implementation of a new system model that responds to the geoinformation approach to topographic mapping in the development of national geospatial data infrastructure (NSDI) and provides the creation of geospatial data sets in the form of databases and knowledge bases based on existing standards and specifications: series of international standards ISO 19100 “Geographic information/Geomatics”, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGS), INSPIRE, State Standards of Ukraine (DSTU), Complex of Standards Organization of Ukraine (SOU) “Topographic database”. It provides a high intellectual level of core reference and profile geospatial data, which is capable to provide geoinformation analysis and modeling in modern GIS. In addition, the implementation the infrastructure approach to topographic production and the creation and development of a permanent topographic monitoring system will ensure the publication of geospatial data in real time, almost simultaneously with changes in the terrain, which guarantees the maintenance of a single topographic basis and, accordingly, core reference datasets for NSDI. Publication is funded by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange under the International Academic Partnerships Programme from the project „Organization of the 9th International Scientific and Technical Conference entitled Environmental Engineering, Photogrammetry, Geoinformatics – Modern Technologies and Development Perspectives”.

In clinical neuroscience, there are considerable difficulties in translating basic research into clinical applications such as diagnostic tools or therapeutic interventions. This gap, known as the “valley of death,” was mainly attributed to the problem of “small numbers” in clinical neuroscience research, i.e. sample sizes that are too small (Hutson et al., 2017). As a possible solution, it has been repeatedly suggested to systematically manage research data to provide long-term storage, accessibility, and federate data. This goal is supported by a current call of the DFG for a national research data infrastructure (NFDI). This article will review current challenges and possible solutions specific to clinical neuroscience and discuss them in the context of other national and international health data initiatives. A successful NFDI consortium will help to overcome not only the “valley of death” but also promises a path to individualized medicine by enabling big data to produce generalizable results based on artificial intelligence and other methods.

Today, the state policy continues to be implemented with the aim of integration into the European space in all areas of activity, including the national geospatial data infrastructure (hereinafter – NSDI). This necessitates the study of methods and tools for integrating geodata of INSPIRE and NSDI. This article analyzes the provisions of Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of a Spatial Information Infrastructure in the European Community (hereinafter – INSPIRE Directive) and its annexes, as well as the Implementing Rules on geospatial data, metadata and services for their compliance with the current legislation of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for integrating national and European geospatial data infrastructures for further customization of geoinformation interaction between these two integrated systems. The scientific novelty lies in the analysis of methods, environment, tools and technologies for developing a methodology for data integration and further development of a roadmap for INSPIRE implementation in Ukraine. The practical significance of the research results is the use of the data integration methodology to implement the provisions of the INSPIRE Directive in Ukraine, including the creation of geospatial data sets and geographic information services defined by the INSPIRE Directive. Therefore, the methodology for integrating national and European geospatial data infrastructures (INSPIRE) is developed taking into account the levels of interoperability. To monitor its implementation, it is necessary to develop a roadmap for INSPIRE implementation based on the IGIF methodology, as it has a sufficient number of indicators that allow for prompt monitoring of the plan. Alignment with the INSPIRE legal framework and finalization of the national legislation on NSDI will help to eliminate gaps and implement the provisions of INSPIRE in Ukraine. Rules for monitoring and reporting on the NSDI functioning should be developed and made available to the public.