(Digital Presentation) Regulating Anion Redox during Cycling of Spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 As Cathodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract

In recent years, extensive research has been performed on high energy cathode materials for lithium ion batteries being used in electric vehicles to reduce carbon emissions. Compared to the commercial layered cathode materials, the absence of cobalt in the spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LMNO) makes this material more environmentally friendly and cheaper.1 Spinel LMNO cathodes also reveal attractive gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 635Whkg−1 and 2820WhL−1, respectively.2 According to the distribution of transition metals (TM) within the cubic crystal structure, spinel LMNO can be categorized into either ordered or disordered. Normally, disordered LMNO materials are produced at temperatures higher than the theoretical oxygen release temperature of spinel LMNO (715 °C).3 The formation of O vacancies is accompanied by some Mn4+ atoms being reduced to Mn3+ to maintain the electroneutrality of spinel LMNO. Ordered LMNO can be obtained through calcination at temperatures lower than 715 °C or post-annealing disordered LMNO materials at 700 °C.4 The reversible extraction and insertion of O atoms accompanied with different distribution of TM during spinel LMNO preparation drive up a hypothesis that the oxygen activity during cycling of spinel LMNO may be affected by the distribution of TM atoms, especially since the operating voltage of spinel LMNO (> 4.7 V) is high enough to trigger oxygen redox in other lithium transition metal oxides.5 To explore the feasibility of oxygen activity during cycling of spinel LMNO, the normal, core-shell and sandwich designed synthesis are performed using special Mn0.75Ni0.25(OH)2 precursors to arrange different distributions of TM atoms in the obtained N-, CS- and SW-LMNO. As shown in Figure 1(a) – (c), the three materials show similar XRD patterns in the pristine state, yet different reflection peaks are observed in the three materials after charging to 4.9 V. The unclear phase transition of SW-LMNO indicates it show stable structure. The three materials also show different CV curves, see Figure 1(d). This indicates the extraction and insertion of Li atoms lead to different redox reactions in the three materials. Besides, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), in-situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) as well as hard and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements are utilized to further investigate the oxygen activity during cycling of spinel LMNO.Reference1. Li, M. & Lu, J. Cobalt in lithium-ion batteries. Science 367, 979-980 (2020).2. Hagh, N. M. & Amatucci, G. G. A new solid-state process for synthesis of LiMn1. 5Ni0. 5O4−δ spinel. Journal of Power Sources 195, 5005-5012 (2010).3. Manthiram, A., Chemelewski, K. & Lee, E.-S. A perspective on the high-voltage LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel cathode for lithium-ion batteries. Energy & Environmental Science 7, 1339-1350 (2014).4. Chemelewski, K. R., Shin, D. W., Li, W. & Manthiram, A. Octahedral and truncated high-voltage spinel cathodes: the role of morphology and surface planes in electrochemical properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, 3347-3354 (2013).5. Seo, D.-H. et al. The structural and chemical origin of the oxygen redox activity in layered and cation-disordered Li-excess cathode materials. Nature chemistry 8, 692-697 (2016).Figure 1. Operando X-ray diffraction patterns of N- (a), CS- (b) and SW- (c) LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 in the pristine states and at the charge states of 4.9 V and the corresponding cyclic voltammetry curves of the three materials (d) Figure 1