Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel technique based on a mixed Error Correcting Code(ECC)-the convolutional code and the repetition code to enhance the robustness of the embedded watermark. Before embedding, the binary watermark is scanned to one-dimension sequence and later inputted into the (3, 1, 2) convolutional encoder and (3, 1) repetition encoder frame by frame, which will improve the error correcting capability of decoder. The output code sequence is scanned to some matrixes as the new watermark messages. The watermarking is selected in low frequency band of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and therefore it can resist the destruction of image processing. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that the robustness of a watermark with mixed ECC is much higher than the traditional one just with repetition coding while suffering JPEG lossy compression, salt and pepper noise and center cutting processing.
Highlights
The rapid expansion of the Internet and overall development of digital technologies in the past years introduces a new set of challenging problems regarding security
Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that the robustness of a watermark with mixed Error Correcting Code (ECC) is much higher than the traditional one just with repetition coding while suffering JPEG lossy compression, salt and pepper noise and center cutting processing
We find that the mixed ECC is robust to lower quality JPEG compression, salt-and pepper noise and center cutting processing
Summary
The rapid expansion of the Internet and overall development of digital technologies in the past years introduces a new set of challenging problems regarding security. Robustness is a most important property of watermark It means that the watermark is still presented in the image and can be detected after distortion. With ECC appending some redundancy bits in the original embedded watermark, the error part of the extracted watermark can be corrected [1-12]. In this paper a digital image watermarking method based on mixed Error Correcting Code is presented. Before being embedded in DWT domain as new watermark messages, the code sequences are encoded once more with repetition coding. This processing can add more redundancy among codes and increase the error correcting capability of decoder.
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