Abstract
AbstractOur planet is undergoing one of the most rapid climate changes in Earth’s history. The current change is particularly significant because it is most likely a consequence of human activities since the 19th century. The Digital Earth platform, which includes Earth-orbiting satellites, ground-based observations, and other technologies for collecting, analyzing and visualizing data, has enabled scientists to see our climate and its impacts at regional and global scales. The Digital Earth platform offers valuable information on the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere to understand Earth’s past and present, and it supports Earth system models for climate prediction and projection. This chapter gives an overview of the advances in climate change studies based on Digital Earth and provides case studies that utilize Digital Earth in climate change research, such as in the observation of sensitive factors for climate change, global environmental change information and simulation systems, and synchronous satellite-aerial-ground observation experiments, which provide extremely large and abundant datasets. The mapping of climate extremes and impacts improves preparedness for climate change-related risks and provides robust evidence to support climate risk management and climate change adaptation for the public, decision makers, investors, and vulnerable communities. However, Digital Earth faces the challenges of multisource data coordination and integration, requiring international partnerships between governments and other organizations to advance open data policies and practices.
Highlights
Global climate change has long been recognized as the most critical issue of the 21st century
Satellite platforms have added valuable scientific data to monitor clouds, water vapor, precipitation, and wind at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Sensors such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) developed by the U.S, the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) from the European Space Agency (ESA), and the international A-Train satellite systems have provided a wealth of information on clouds, rain, and pollutants, leading to a greater understanding of cloud pollution influences (Guo et al 2015)
Another good example comes from Mori et al (2014), who showed that most cold winters are attributed to Arctic Oscillation (AO) changes caused by Arctic sea ice
Summary
Global climate change has long been recognized as the most critical issue of the 21st century. Challenges and uncertainties in studying climate change and its impacts are largely due to the massive amount of data that is required, and the complexity of analyses that can translate data into useful information Earth observation for this purpose has become an invaluable resource. Synoptic Earth observations have changed the way we understand the planet, from the first weather satellite that revealed astonishing cloud features to their utility to verify and improve our understanding of the coupling between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and ocean currents They have been used to study temperatures at various altitudes, atmospheric processes, the effects of snow on water circulation, the effects of global and regional factors on sea level changes, and other phenomena. Investigates ice flows in Antarctica and Greenland Detects mid-scale sea surface topography and important variables in ocean mixtures Observations of oceanic contributions to climate change Agricultural land monitoring Confirms high-precision terrestrial reference frames Observes Earth water and carbon dioxide Monitors atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration Used in weather forecasting, climate prediction, natural disaster and environmental monitoring, and resource development
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