Abstract
Fortified milk drinks are predominantly manufactured from bovine (cow) sources. Alternative formulations include those prepared with hydrolysed bovine milk proteins or from alternate bovidae species, such as caprine (goat) milk. Currently, there is little data on protein digestive and metabolic responses following ingestion of fortified milk drinks. To examine the digestive and metabolic responses to commercially-available fortified milks, young adults (n = 15 males: 15 females), in a randomised sequence, ingested isonitrogenous quantities of whole cow-protein (WC), whole goat-protein (WG), or partially-hydrolysed whey cow-protein (HC), commercial fortified milks. Plasma amino acid (AA) and hormonal responses were measured at baseline and again at 5 h after ingestion. Paracetamol recovery, breath hydrogen, and subjective digestive responses were also measured. Postprandial plasma AA was similar between WC and WG, while AA appearance was suppressed with HC. Following HC, there was a negative incremental AUC in plasma branched-chain AAs. Further, HC had delayed gastric emptying, increased transit time, and led to exaggerated insulin and GLP-1 responses, in comparison to whole protein formulas. Overall, WC and WG had similar protein and digestive responses with no differences in digestive comfort. Contrastingly, HC led to delayed gastric emptying, attenuated AA appearance, and a heightened circulating insulin response.
Highlights
Dairy is an important source of protein throughout all stages of life [1,2]
Males were taller with greater body mass index (BMI), than females (p < 0.001, and p = 0.017 respectively; Table 3)
Amino appearancebovidae and thespecies, hormonal responses hypothesis, wasmetabolised demonstrated that irrespective of acid the originating whole protein influenced by protein
Summary
Dairy is an important source of protein throughout all stages of life [1,2]. While cow (bovine) milk is the predominant source of dairy consumed globally, alternative milk sources, including goat (caprine) milk, are available [3]. The composition of whole cow milk may not be optimal, with more protein and fewer micronutrients (e.g., iron, vitamin D) than may be required during rapid growth and development [4,5]. This has led to the formulation of fortified milk drinks intended to supplement the diets of children above 12 months. Fortified milk products have emerged for adolescent or adult populations such as the elderly, offering a means of caloric regulation [9] or micronutrient and protein enrichment [10,11] of the diet
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