Abstract
The interest in microalgae products has been increasing, and therefore the cultivation industry is growing steadily. To reduce the environmental impact and production costs arising from nutrients, research needs to find alternatives to the currently used artificial nutrients. Microalgae cultivation in anaerobic effluents (more specifically, digestate) represents a promising strategy for increasing sustainability and obtaining valuable products. However, digestate must be processed prior to its use as nutrient source. Depending on its composition, different methods are suitable for removing solids (e.g., centrifugation) and adjusting nutrient concentrations and ratios (e.g., dilution, ammonia stripping). Moreover, the resulting cultivation medium must be light-permeable. Various studies show that growth rates comparable to those in artificial media can be achieved when proper digestate treatment is used. The necessary steps for obtaining a suitable cultivation medium also depend on the microalgae species to be cultivated. Concerning the application of the biomass, legal aspects and impurities originating from digestate must be considered. Furthermore, microalgae species and their application fields are essential criteria when selecting downstream processing methods (harvest, disintegration, dehydration, product purification). Microalgae grown on digestate can be used to produce various products (e.g., bioenergy, animal feed, bioplastics, and biofertilizers). This review gives insight into the origin and composition of digestate, processing options to meet requirements for microalgae cultivation and challenges regarding downstream processing and products.
Highlights
The term microalgae covers a great variety of phototrophic microorganisms of various cell shapes and sizes in diverse habitats and with distinct requirements concerning cultivation conditions and nutrients [1]
Dunaliella salina and Haematococcus pluvialis are primarily cultivated for the production of β-carotene and astaxanthin, respectively, which they accumulate under stress conditions [9,10]
This review focuses on the arising challenges when using anaerobic effluents in microalgae cultivation and demonstrates possible solutions
Summary
The term microalgae covers a great variety of phototrophic microorganisms of various cell shapes and sizes in diverse habitats and with distinct requirements concerning cultivation conditions and nutrients [1]. Dunaliella salina and Haematococcus pluvialis are primarily cultivated for the production of β-carotene and astaxanthin, respectively, which they accumulate under stress conditions (e.g., elevated salt concentrations, nutrient limitation) [9,10]. By the utilization of waste streams as a nutrient source, the production costs can be reduced to under EUR 5 kg−1 [14,15] It provides a reasonable solution, especially for low-value products, e.g., for bioenergy. This study points out the different origins and compositions of anaerobic effluents as well as suitable options for removing undesired substances It will be shown how the inculcation of digestate into the production process affects the cultivation and downstream processing and possible applications of the products will be presented
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