Abstract
Abstract Herein, we report a simple and ecofriendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) employing Digera muricata along with bioassay studies of synthesized NPs. The ZnO NPs obtained were indicated by a colour change from yellow to almost faint yellow giving whitish tinge and supported by the appearance of UV-Vis band at 373 nm and were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FT-IR spectrum confirmed the presence of biomolecules fabricated on ZnO NPs as indicated by the absorption bands at 1,378 for C–O cm−1, and ZnO NPs were also evident from the absorption bands at 440 and 670 cm−1, the former being the result of symmetric vibration of hexagonal ZnO and the latter belonged to a very weak vibration of ZnO. Its surface morphology was confirmed by SEM, and the zinc and oxygen bonds were confirmed by EDX analysis giving sharp signals for Zn and oxygen with At% of 17.58 and 30.49, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was determined by the agar well diffusion method against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using imipenem and miconazole as standards. The results reflected that ZnO NPs enhanced the activity of plant extracts against all employed algal (E. coli, S. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, and B. subtilis) and fungal (T. mentogrophytes, E. floccosum, A. niger, M. canis, and F. culmorum) strains. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were enhanced by the formation of ZnO NPs. The results indicated that Digera muricata extract contains effective reducing agents for green synthesis of Digera muricata fabricated ZnO NPs, which are more potent antimicrobial than the plant extract and showed almost similar inhibition against lipoxygenase, i.e., the IC50 value of 83.82 ± 1.15, comparable to the standard.
Highlights
Nanoparticles have diverse applications in catalysis, purification of water, biological and chemical sensors, wireless electronic equipment, and memory schemes [1–3]
The presence of these phytochemicals in Digera muricata was responsible for reducing zinc metal to zinc oxide nanoparticles, which were later surrounded by the plant extract, called capping of nanoparticles
A fast, easy, and green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Digera muricata extracts was successfully completed by the reduction of zinc acetate solutions
Summary
Nanoparticles have diverse applications in catalysis, purification of water, biological and chemical sensors, wireless electronic equipment, and memory schemes [1–3]. Digera muricata antimicrobial and enzymatic inhibitory zinc oxide bionanoparticles 477 nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibit properties like pyroelectric, semiconducting, and piezoelectric materials [4]. ZnO NPs are employed as preservatives towards the protection of wood and food items from pathogenic agents [5,6]. These act as photocatalysts, which are being used for the removal of organic pollutants [7]. ZnO NPs have many uses in gas sensors, cosmetics, optoelectronics, pharmaceuticals, and solar cells [9]. The antimicrobial action of nanoparticles depends on different factors like size, bacterial strain, type of phytochemicals, conditions, shapes, and medium [10]. The enzyme inhibition studies by employing ZnO NPs have been extensively reported in the literature
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