Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether a prototype echo planar imaging sequence with integrated-shimming (iShim-EPI) can improve image quality in the thyroid gland in comparison to 3D-volume shimming echo planar imaging (3D-Shim-EPI), and to compare ADC values derived from iShim-EPI with those of 3D-Shim-EPI. Twenty-one patients with thyroid disease were enrolled and underwent axial DWIs with iShim-EPI and 3D-Shim-EPI using a 3 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner in this prospective study. Both sets of DWI images were evaluated by two independent observers who identified susceptibility and ghost artifacts and evaluated the images' capacity to detect thyroid nodules using quantitative scores. The ADC values of the thyroid nodules and the normal thyroid gland were measured two times within a 4-week period. The reproducibility was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. There were significant differences in the image quality scores for susceptibility (2.81 ± 0.37 vs. 1.93 ± 0.29, p < 0.001), ghost artifacts (2.95 ± 0.15 vs. 1.93 ± 0.29, p < 0.001) and the detectability of thyroid nodules (3.00 ± 0.00 vs. 2.55 ± 0.75, p = 0.008) between the iShim-EPI and 3D-Shim-EPI techniques, except for the ADC values of the thyroid nodules (1.607 ± 0.466×10−3 mm2/s vs. 1.561 ± 0.483 × 10−3 mm2/s, p = 0.184) and contralateral normal thyroid gland (1.295 ± 0.340 × 10−3 mm2/s vs.1.279 ± 0.411 × 10−3 mm2/s, p = 0.777). Both techniques demonstrated excellent agreement between the ADC values using the ICC (range, 0.963 to 0.999) and Bland-Altman plots. The iShim-EPI technique demonstrated significantly higher image quality compared with the conventional 3D-Shim-EPI technique, with no significant differences in the ADC values.
Highlights
The thyroid nodule is a common disorder of the thyroid gland [1]
This study aimed to evaluate whether a prototype echo planar imaging sequence with integrated-shimming can improve image quality in the thyroid gland in comparison to 3D-volume shimming echo planar imaging (3D-Shim-EPI), and to compare apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values derived from iShim-EPI with those of 3D-Shim-EPI
Twenty-one patients with thyroid disease were enrolled and underwent axial Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with iShimEPI and 3D-Shim-EPI using a 3 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner in this prospective study. Both sets of DWI images were evaluated by two independent observers who identified susceptibility and ghost artifacts and evaluated the images’ capacity to detect thyroid nodules using quantitative scores
Summary
The thyroid nodule is a common disorder of the thyroid gland [1]. The prevalence is highest in females. Several imaging modalities, including ultra sonography, computed tomography, radionuclide scintiwww.oncotarget.com graphy and positron emission tomography, have been used to distinguish malignant thyroid nodules from benign ones. These imaging techniques can have several drawbacks, including ionizing radiation, poor accuracy and subsequent limited utility [4]. The routine MRI (including T1-Weighted, T2-Weighted and contrast enhanced T1-Weighted imaging) has been used to assess the extent of the disease; it remains difficult to accurately predict the nature of thyroid nodules using these structural images [5, 6]
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