Diffusion of Yan(燕) Culture and Establishment Process of Iron Culture in the Liaoxi(遼西) Region

Abstract

본고는 연 문화의 확산과정에서 보이는 요령지역 철기문화의 지역차에 주목하였다. 특히 선행 연구에서 다루어진 요서와 요동지역의 지역차가 갖는 의미를 확인해보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전국~한대 요서지역의 분묘와 취락에서 출토된 철기의 특징을 살피고, 공반유물을 비교하여 시간성을 설정하였다. 요서지역 내 철기문화의 등장은 요동지역과 마찬가지로 연 문화가 본격적으로 확산되는 기원전 3세기경부터이다. 요서지역은 철기가 등장하는 시점부터 분묘 내 부장품보다는 성지(城址)를 중심으로 한취락 내에서만 출토된다. 이 같은 요서지역 철기의 출토양상은 연 문화의 확산과정에서 보이는 요동지역 철기문화의 정착과정과는 다른특징이다. 요서지역은 전한 이후 무기류를 비롯한 다양한 철기류가 생산·보급되면서 분묘 내 철기가 부장되기 시작한다. 그럼에도 철기는 주요 부장품으로 다루어지기 보다는 한두 점씩 부장되는 정도에 그친다. 이처럼 요서지역의 철기문화는 연 문화의 등장시점부터 분묘와 취락 내 출토양상의 차이가 두드러지며, 동시기 요동지역 내 철기문화가 정착하는 과정과 다른 현상을 보인다. 결국 요서지역은 기원전 3세기경부터 연나라의 직·간접적인 지배 범위에 포함되면서 철기를 사유화하지 못한 채 지역 거점 단위로 관리·유통되었던 것으로 추정된다.This manuscript had paid attention to the regional differences of the ironware culture in the Liaoning region, which are seen in the process of the spreading of the Yan culture. Especially, it had been intended to confirm the meaning that is possessed by the regional differences between the Liaoxi region and the Liaodong region, which had been dealt with in the preceding researches. For this, the special features of the ironware that had been unearthed from the tombs and the settlements of the Liaoxi region from the Warring States period to the Han Dynasty had been taken a look at. And, by comparing the companion artifacts, the temporality had been set up. The appearance of the iron culture in the Liaoxi region is the same as that of the Liaodong region. And the time when the Yan culture gets spread in earnest is from around the 3rd century B.C. Regarding the appearance of the ironware in the Liaoxi region, rather than being dealt with as the grave goods within the tombs, it gets unearthed from within the settlements by being centered on the castle ruins. Such a difference of the unearthed aspect is a special feature that is different from the process of the settlement of the ironware culture in the Liaodong region that is seen in the process of the spreading of the Yan culture. Afterwards, while entering the Han Dynasty, with the ironware types in the diverse forms, including the weapon types, getting produced and supplied, it is assumed that the ironware grave goods within the tombs materialize. Despite this, rather than being dealt with as the main grave goods, the ironware stops at being one piece or two pieces of the grave goods. Regarding the ironware culture of the Liaoxi region, which appears together with the spreading of the Yan culture, the differences of the time points of the appearances of the ironware within the tombs and the settlements stand out. And they show a phenomenon that is different from the process in which the ironware culture within the Liaodong region gets settled down at the same time. It is assumed that this is related to the management of a unit of the regional base without being able to privatize the ironware while the Liaoxi region became included in the range of the direct and indirect rules in the Yan state.