Abstract
The crowded and heterogeneous intracellular milieu has a concentration of macromolecules up to 400 mg/ml. The causes of macromolecular crowding effects are excluded volume and ‘soft' nonspecific interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, electrostatic, Van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions. Some physiological consequences of macromolecular crowding on proteins are on protein structure, protein folding, phase separation, aggregation, and protein-protein interaction. Traditionally, macromolecular crowding effects has been studied in artificial crowders like Ficoll and Dextran.
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