Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data: development of methods and tools for diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases

Abstract

The use of quantitative mapping of diffusion characteristics carries great potential for diagnosis and therapy of brain diseases, since it potentially allows to classify tumors, determine the degree of their malignancy, differentiate various morphological structures of tumor and non-tumor pathologies (such as tumor stroma, necrotic zones, cysts, various types of edema, etc.), and predict the course and outcome of diseases, in particular, a clinical response to treatment. Based on diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it is possible to perform 3D modeling of the white matter pathways of the brain, which is called tractography. In addition to a unique ability to visualize the location of tracts in relation to intracranial pathologies, this technology allows to build and analyze complex maps of communication networks in the brain (connectomics). The review is devoted to the discussion of the physical and technical concept of diffusion weighted MRI, the key ways of its application in tumor and non-tumor processes, and problems that complicate correct interpretation of results. Since the problem of developing software for diffusion MRI data remains relevant, this review presents our own experience in developing an application as part of a project on creating effective methods for processing diffusion MRI data and modeling white matter tracts.