Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the study of the pollutants coming from agricultural lands located within the catchment into the Yakhroma river, a third-order tributary of the Upper Volga. The area of the river catchment is 1437 km2. It is located in the north-eastern part of the Moscow region, which geographically belongs to the Klinsko-Dmitrov ridge (the upper part of the basin) and the Upper Volga Lowland. The slopes and floodplain included in the reclaimed lands (more than 9 th ha) are lined with cities, rural settlements, numerous kitchen gardens, and agricultural lands. Water quality, river profile from the source to the mouth, and sources of pollution within the reclaimed lands of the Yakhroma floodplain were studied from 2004 to the present. A geospatial intelligence system (GIS) was developed for the catchment area. Land areas are allocated according to the conditions of surface runoff formation, taking into account soil types and slopes. The studies of the river water quality, tributaries, and drainage network in the reclaimed lands showed biogenic pollution caused by insufficiently treated wastewater discharged from cities and agricultural land, especially within the reclaimed massif. The calculations of the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from surface and drainage waters revealed that the main role in the pollution of both surface and drainage waters is played by nitrogen and potassium compounds, and to a lesser extent by phosphorus compounds. For nitrogen, removal from surface runoff was 27.36 t/year; for phosphorus it was 6.06 t/year; for potassium it was 242.28 t/year; with drainage runoff, the removal of nitrogen was 98.88 t/year; the removal of phosphorus was 0.38 t/year; the removal of potassium was 37.04 t/year. To reduce the inflow of surface diffuse runoff and to purify collector and drainage waters from nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, including the creation of bioplateaus and biosorption structures, it was proposed to use a set of protective measures, which will significantly reduce the biogenic load on the river flow.
Highlights
Along with the discharge of wastewater from industrial, municipal, and other enterprises, the river network is fuelled by uncontrolled diffuse runoff from the catchment area, which according to many authors, significantly worsens the quality of water in Volga [5]
The hydrological regime of Yakhroma is of the Eastern European type, which is characterised by high floods, low water level in the summer and winter drought periods, and increased runoff in autumn
The annual flush of dissolved potassium by drainage runoff (FlushKdr) is determined by the formula: Washoutdr 1⁄4 ÂÀ0, 2Κy þ 0, 0012Κ0 þ 0, 008ΚtotalÁ0, 018ÃWdr, kg=ha where Ко is the rate of application of organic fertiliser, kg/ha, The total volume of biogenic compounds flush was determined by the following formula: Вtotal 1⁄4 X Вdi r þ X Вsiurf 1⁄4 ВdNr þ ВdРr þ ВdKr þ ВsNurf þ ВsРurf þ ВsKurf, kg=ha (11) where Bidr, Вisurf stand for the flush of i biogenic element by the drainage and surface runoff respectively
Summary
The quality of water in the largest rivers in the European part of Russia continues to deteriorate. Drainage of the floodplain lands leads to an increased removal of nutrients directly into the river due to surface runoff and discharge of drainage waters. Downstream from Dmitrov, there is a vast floodplain area, which is intensively used for agricultural production It represents an irrigation and drainage system for bilateral regulation of the water regime of soils. Vegetable crops are grown on the floodplain using intensive technologies with the introduction of high doses of fertilisers and the use of various agrochemicals to combat pests and weeds This increased load led to pollution of soil and river water with biogenic substances, mineral salts, heavy metals, and pesticides, which enter the Figure 2. The hydrological regime of Yakhroma is of the Eastern European type, which is characterised by high floods, low water level in the summer and winter drought periods, and increased runoff in autumn. Long-term cultivation of reclaimed soils using intensive technologies with high doses of mineral fertilisers led to the secondary pollution of organogenic soil profiles with heavy metals [18]
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