Abstract
The top quark plays a central role in particle physics, as many experiments at the Large Hadron Collider scrutinize its properties within the Standard Model. Although most of the measurements of the top quarks today concentrate on production modes initiated by quarks or gluons, this review will highlight the lesser-explored modes initiated by pomerons or photons. It aims to provide an in-depth look into both the phenomenological studies and the existing experimental measurements, emphasizing the necessity of exploring the diffractive and photon-induced production of top quarks to enhance the accuracy of top-quark measurements.
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