Abstract
Seeking roots of language, we probed infant facial expressions and vocalizations. Both have roles in language, but the voice plays an especially flexible role, expressing a variety of functions and affect conditions with the same vocal categories-a word can be produced with many different affective flavors. This requirement of language is seen in very early infant vocalizations. We examined the extent to which affect is transmitted by early vocal categories termed "protophones" (squeals, vowel-like sounds, and growls) and by their co-occurring facial expressions, and similarly the extent to which vocal type is transmitted by the voice and co-occurring facial expressions. Our coder agreement data suggest infant affect during protophones was most reliably transmitted by the face (judged in video-only), while vocal type was transmitted most reliably by the voice (judged in audio-only). Voice alone transmitted negative affect more reliably than neutral or positive affect, suggesting infant protophones may be used especially to call for attention when the infant is in distress. By contrast, the face alone provided no significant information about protophone categories. Indeed coders in VID could scarcely recognize the difference between silence and voice when coding protophones in VID. The results suggest that partial decoupling of communicative roles for face and voice occurs even in the first months of life. Affect in infancy appears to be transmitted in a way that audio and video aspects are flexibly interwoven, as in mature language.
Highlights
The goal of the article is to contrast the roles of the face and the voice in affect expression and in infant vocalization types in the first year of human life
Hypothesis 1: Intercoder agreement on affect judged in AU measured by kappa (Figure 1), was statistically significant (p < 0.001, indicating that 99.9% confidence intervals (CI) did not overlap with kappa of 0) for all three affect types, at fair (Landis and Koch, 1977) magnitude for positivity and neutrality, and at substantial magnitude for negativity
The expectation that negativity would be well transmitted in AU was confirmed, with significantly higher (p < 0.001) coder agreement on negativity than on the other affect types (99.9% CIs for kappa agreement on AU negativity did not overlap the means for AU positivity or AU neutrality), with all 21 coder pairings showing higher agreement on negativity than on either of the other types
Summary
The goal of the article is to contrast the roles of the face and the voice in affect expression and in infant vocalization types in the first year of human life. We reason that the study of coder agreement regarding infant affect and vocal type transmitted through both face and voice may help reveal foundations for flexible transmission of differing communicative functions at all levels of linguistic expression. Of particular importance to the present work, it is possible for humans to produce any word while simultaneously producing a wide variety of facial expressions, denoting different conditions of affect, and the differing affect on differing occasions can help specify how, for example, the word “rose” can be used to request, offer, etc
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