Differentiation and Characterization by Molecular Techniques of Bacillus cereus Group Isolates from Poto Poto and Dégué, Two Traditional Cereal-Based Fermented Foods of Burkina Faso and Republic of Congo

Abstract

Poto poto (a maize sourdough) and dégué (a pearl millet–based food) are two traditional African fermented foods. The molecular biology of toxigenic and pathogenic bacteria found in those foods is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to study the phylogenetic relatedness and toxigenic potential of 26 Bacillus cereus group isolates from these traditional fermented foods. The relatedness of the isolates was evaluated with repetitive element sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. A multiplex real-time PCR assay targeting the lef and capC genes of B. anthracis pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids and the sspE chromosomal gene of B. cereus and B. anthracis also was carried out. Melting curve analysis of the sspE amplification product was used to differentiate B. cereus from B. anthracis, and the presence of the B. cereus enterotoxin genes was determined with PCR amplification. Isolates had 15 different REP-PCR profiles, according to which they could be clustered into four groups. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis identified 23 isolates as B. cereus or B. anthracis and three isolates as B. cereus or Bacillus sp. Multiplex real-time PCR amplification indicated the absence of the lef and capC genes of B. anthracis pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids, and melting curve analysis revealed amplification of the 71-bp sspE product typical of B. cereus in all isolates instead of the 188-bp amplicon of B. anthracis, confirming the identity of these isolates as B. cereus. Four isolates had amylolytic activity. All isolates had lecithinase activity and beta-hemolytic activity. Enterotoxin production was detected in two isolates. The emetic toxin gene was not detected in any isolate. The nheB toxin gene was detected in 19 isolates by PCR amplification; one of these isolates also contained the hblD (L1) gene. The cytotoxin K cytK-1 gene was not detected, but the cytK-2 gene was clearly detected in six isolates.