Differential Transcriptome Responses in Human THP-1 Macrophages Following Exposure to T98G and LN-18 Human Glioblastoma Secretions: A Simplified Bioinformatics Approach to Understanding Patient-Glioma-Specific Effects on Tumor-Associated Macrophages

Abstract

A common theme in glioma disease progression is robust infiltration of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, resulting in a state of chronic inflammation. This disease state is characterized by an abundance of CD68+ microglia and CD163+ bone marrow-derived macrophages with the greater the percentage of CD163+ cells, the poorer the prognosis. These macrophages are "cold," in that their phenotype is of an alternatively activated state (M0-M2-like) supporting tumor growth rather than being engaged with classically activated, pro-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities, referred to as "hot", or M1-like. Herein, we have developed an in vitro approach that uses two human glioma cell lines, T98G and LN-18, which exhibit a variety of differing mutations and characteristics, to demonstrate their disparate effects on differentiated THP-1 macrophages. We first developed an approach to differentiating THP-1 monocytes to macrophages with mixed transcriptomic phenotypes we regard as M0-like macrophages. We then found that supernatants from the two different glioma cell lines induced different gene expression profiles in THP-1 macrophages, suggesting that from patient to patient, gliomas may be considered as different diseases. This study suggests that in addition to standard glioma treatment modalities, transcriptome profiling of the effects of cultured glioma cells on a standard THP-1 macrophage in vitro model may lead to future druggable targets that aim to reprogram tumor-associated macrophages towards an anti-tumor phenotype.